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Normal  Word  Book; 


OR, 


STUDIES    m    SPELLING,    DEFINING,    WOED- 
ANALYSIS,    AND   SYNONYMS. 

FOR  USE  IN 


HIGH    SCHOOLS,    NORMAL   SCHOOLS,    AND   THE   HIGHEST   GRADE  IN 
GRAMMAR   SCHOOLS. 


By    JOHN    SWETT, 

TBINCIFAL  OIBLS'  HIGH  SCHOOL,  SAN  FSANCISCO. 


IVISON,    BLAKEMAN,   TAYLOR  &   COMPANY, 

NEW  YORK  AND  CHICAGO. 

1879. 


Copyright,  1879,  by  IVISON,  BLAKEMAN,  TAYLOR  &  CO. 


lOUCATlON  DEPT 


Electrctyped  by  Smith  &  McDougal,  82  BeoUinan  St. 


PREFACE. 


A  KNOWLEDGE  of  words  is  quite  as  essential  to  the 
writing  of  good  English  as  is  a  technical  knowledge 
of  grammar.  As  a  groundwork  for  the  study  of  composi- 
tion, rhetoric,  and  English  literature,  there  ought  to  be, 
for  students  not  pursuing  a  classical  course,  some  system- 
atized course  of  word  studies  for  the  purpose  of  giving 
accuracy  and  force  in  writing,  and  for  enabling  pupils  to 
appreciate  the  diction  of  the  masterpieces  of  style. 

The  vocabulary  of  most  pupils,  when  admitted  to  High 
Schools  or  Normal  Schools,  is  quite  limited  ;  and,  to  judge 
from  the  result  of  teachers'  written  examinations,  com- 
paratively few  of  the  graduates  of  High  or  Normal  Schools 
have  been  trained  to  discriminate  the  finer  shades  of  signi- 
fication in  the  use  of  synonymous  words,  or  even  to  give 
exact  definitions. 

This  condensed  hand-book  is  designed  to  meet  a  want 
expressed  by  many  teachers  who  feel  the  need  of  some 
definite  study  of  the  words  of  our  mother-tongue. 

The  only  originality  claimed  for  these  exercises  consists 
in  their  arrangement  and  limitation, 

54  J  202 


IV  PKEFACE. 

Some  of  the  leading  features  of  this  book  are  : 

1.  A  resume  of  the  rules  of  spelling. 

2.  The  defining  of  words  grouped  under  leading  topics. 

3.  Exercises  requiring  pupils  to  collect,  group,  classify, 
and  define  words. 

4.  Exercises  in  training  students  in  the  habit  of  referring 
to  the  dictionary. 

6.  The  practical  treatment  of  Word  Analysis. 

6.  A  practical  course  of  exercises  in  synonyms. 

7.  A  full  recognition  of  the'  educational  axiom,  that 
pupils  are  educated  mainly  ly  what  they  do  for  themselves 
and  hy  themselves. 

J.  S. 

San  Francisco,  December^  1878. 


PA.RT    I. 


SPELLING  AND  PRONUNCIATION 


^>^00 


RULES    FOR    SPELLING. 

I.  Doubling  the  Final  Consonant. 

Rule  I. — MonosyllaUes,  and  oilier  ivords  accented  on  the 
last  syllable^  ending  icith  a  single  consonant  preceded  hy  a 
single  voiuel^  double  the  last  letter  on  taking  a  suffix  begin- 
ning loith  a  voioel. 


Exampleg. 

Verb. 

Pres.  Part. 

Past  Part. 

blot 

blot-t-ing 

blot-t-ed 

drum 

drum-m-ing 

drum-m-ed 

admit 

admit-t  ing 

admit- t-ed 

permit 

permit-t-ing 

Adjectives, 

permit-t-ed 

Positive. 

Comparative. 

Superlative. 

hot 

hot-t-er 

hot-t-est 

fat 

fat-t-er 

fat-t-est 

2.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Collect  10  verbs  of  one  syllable  to  illustrate  the  rule, 
and  write  out  the  principal  parts. 

2.  Select  10  verbs  of  two  syllables,  and  write  out  the 
principal  parts. 

3.  Select  5  adjectives  that  double  the  final  consonant  in 
comparison. 


:  FORMAL    WORD  BOOK. 


'3.  Final  Consonant  not  Doubled. 


Rule  II. —  Words  not  accented  on  the  last  syllaMe,  and 
tvords  ending  with  a  consona7it  preceded  hy  a  diphthong,  a 
digraph,  or  another  consonant,  do  not  double  the  final  letter 
on  taJcifig  a  suffix, 

Examples. 

cred'it  credit-ing  credit-ed 

benefit  benefit-ing  benefit-ed 

conceal'  conceal-ing  conceal-ed 

design  design-ing  design-ed 

profess  profess-in  g  profess-ed 

4.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Select  10  verbs  accented  on  tbe  first  syllable,  and 
write  out  the  principal  parts. 

2.  Select  10  verbs  ending  in  a  consonant  preceded  by  a 
diphthong,  and  accented  on  the  last  syllable  ;  as,  conceaV. 

3.  Select  10  verbs  ending  in  a  consonant  preceded  by 
another  consonant. 

5.  Exceptions  to  Rule  II. 


crys'tal 

crys  tal-1-ize 

crys  tal-l-i  za'tion 

can  eel 

can  cel-ed 

can  cel-la'tion 

hum  bug 

hum  bug-g-ed 

hum  bug-g-ery 

met  al 

me  tal-l-ic 

met'al-1-ur  gy 

wor  ship 

wor  ship-er 

or 

wor  ship-p-er 

kid  nap 

kid  nap-er 

or 

kid  nap-p-er 

tran  quil 

tran  quil-ize 

or 

tran  quil-1-ize 

6.  Two  Ways  of  Spelling. 

Note. — The  derivatives  of  the  following  words,  according  to  Web- 
ster, do  not  double  the  I :  in  England  the  old  usage  of  doubling  the  I 
is  retained  to  a  greater  extent  than  in  this  country. 


SPELLING   AND    PRONUNCIATION. 

Write  the  derivatives  formed  by  -ing,  -eel,  and  -er. 


bar'rel 
bev  el 
car  ol 
cav  il 
chis  el 
coun  sel 
cud  gel 
driv  el 
du  el 
e  qual 


gam'bol 
grav  el 
grov  el 
jew  el 
la  bel 
lev  el 
libel 
mar  shal 
mar  vel 


mod'el 
par  eel 
pen  cil 
per  il 
pom  mel 
quar  rel 
rav  el 
rev  el 
ri  val 


shov'el 
ebriv  el 
sniv  el 
tas  sel 
tram  mel 
tun  nel 
trav  el 
ap  par  el 
en  am  el 


7.  Dropping  Final  e. 

EuLE  III. —  TForc?."?  ending  in  silent  e,  drop  it  on  taking 
a  suffix  beginning  with  a  voiveh 


Examples. 

be  lieve 

be  liev-ing 

be  liev-ed 

con  ceive 

con  ceiv-ing 

con  ceiv-ed 

a  chieve 

a  chiev-ing 

a  cbiev-ed 

re  ceive 

re  ceiv-ing 

re  ceiv-ed 

8.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Collect  and  write  out  the  principal  parts  of  20  verbs 
that  end  in  silent  e. 

2.  Add  the  suffix  -able  to  five  words  that  end  in  silent  e. 

3.  Add  the  suffix  4Ue  to  five  words  that  end  in  silent  e. 


9.  Exceptions  to  Rule  III. 

Words  ending  in  ce  or  ge  retain  final  e  before  -dble  and 
•ons,  on  account  of  euphony. 


KORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


exercise. 

Add  -able  or 

-ous  to  the  following : 

change 

ef  face' 

man 'age 

charge 

out'rage 

no  tice 

peace 

cour  age 

ser  vice 

trace 

mar  riage 

Other  Exceptions, 

ad  van'tage 

dye'ing 

shoe 'ing 

swinge'ing 

hoe  ing 

singe  ing 

mile  age 

10.  Retaining  Final  e. 

Rule  IV. —  Words  ending  in  e  retain  it  before  a  suffix 
beginning  with  a  consonant. 


Examples. 

large  ly 

sense  less 

re  morse  less 

hoarse  ness 

whole  some 

ad  ver'tise  ment 

peace  ful 

pave  ment 

Exceptions. 

dis  burse  ment 

aw  ful 

WO  ful 

lodg  ment 

du  ly 

wis  dom 

nurs  ling 

tru  ly 

ar  gu  ment 

a  bridg  ment 

whol  ly 

judg  ment 

ac  knowl  edg  ment 

li.  Changing  y  into  i. 

Rule  V. — Final  y  after  a  consonant,  is  changed  into  i 
before  all  suffixes  except  those  begiiining  with  i. 


I.   Verbs. 

carry  carry-ing  carri-ed  carri-es 

deny  deny-ing  deni-ed  deni-es 


SPELLIIfG  AJS'D   PRONUNCIATIOI^. 


II.   Nouns. 

army              armi-es 

society 

societi-es 

dairy              dairi-es 

anxiety 

anxieti-es 

J 

Til. 

Adjectives. 

busy               busi-er 

busi-est 

busi-ness 

ready             readi-er 

readi-est 

readi-ness 

12. 

Exercises. 

I.  Add  -ingy  -ed  and 

-es 

to  each  verb. 

cry                   bury 

comply 

certify 

dry                   copy 

defy 

falsify 

fry                   fancy 

reply 

glorify 

try                    hurry 

satisfy 

purify 

n.  Add  -er  and  -cs-^, 

and  a  noun  suffix  when  poesible. 

easy                  lucky 

noisy 

sleepy 

early                lovely 

saucy 

speedy 

happy              lazy 

silly 

worthy 

heavy               muddy 

shady 

wealthy 

III.  Form  the  plurals  by  adding  -es. 

beny                copy 

duty 

jury 

buggy               city 

dowry 

party 

beauty              county 

diary 

story 

baby                 country 

enemy 

study  . 

13.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Collect  a  list  of  10  verbs  to  illustrate  Rule  V,  and  add 
to  each  verb  the  suffixes  -ing,  -ed,  and  -es. 

2.  Collect  10  adjectives,  and  add  to  each  -er  and  -est. 

3.  Write  the  singular  and  the  plural  form  of  20  nouns 
that  change  y  into  i,  and  add  -es. 


10 


KORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


14,  No  change  of  y. 

Rule  VI. — Final  y,  preceded  by  a  vowel,  is  unchanged 
lefore  a  suffix. 

Verbs. 

convey  convey-ed  convey-s  convey-ance 

enjoy  enjoy-ed  enjoy-s  enjoy-ment 


Nouns. 


money 
valley 


money-s 
valley-s 


journey 
turkey 


joumey-s 
turkey-s 


pay  +  ed  =  paid 
lay  +  ed  =  laid 
say  -f  ed.=  said 


15.  Exceptions  to  Rule  VI 

stay  +  ed 


j  staid,  or 
I  stayed 
day  +  ly    =      daily 


16.  Double  Consonants. 


EuLE  YII. —  Words  ending  in  douhle  consonants  generally 
retain  loth  consonants  hefore  a  suffix  or  after  a  prefix. 


E^xamples. 

dull'ness 

will'ful 

fulfill-ing 

full  ness 

enrollment 

fulfill-ed 

skill  ful 

install'ment 

fulfill-ment 

•    . 

17.  Compounds. 

Rule  VIII. — In  general,  compounds  retain  all  the  letters 
of  the  words  united. 

Exceptions. 

wel'come  un  til'  al'most  al  though' 

wel'fare  num'-skull  al'so  al  read'y 

with  al'  Christ'-mas  al'ways  al  might'y 


SPELLING  AND   PEONUNCLA.TION. 


11 


18.  Euphonic  k. 

Rule  IX. — A  few  participles  and  adjectives  formed  from 
verbs  and  nouns  ending  in  c,  add  kfor  euphony. 

frolic-k-ing  picnic-k-ing  (k  not  added) 

traffic-k-ing  colic-k-y  physic-ist 

phjsic-k-ing  panic-k-y  physic-al 

mimic-k-ing  phthisic-k-y  physic-ian 


an'nual 
ar'gue 
ben'e  fit 
com'bat 
can'cel 
crys'tal 
de  claim' 
de  f  er' 
e  quip' 
frol'ic 
hark 
in  flame' 
plague 
re  fer' 
sus  tain' 
vile 


-cle. 

ar'ti  cle 
par  ti  cle 
cu  ti  cle 
ob  sta  cle 
pin  na  cle 
au  ri  cle 


19.  Troublesome  Derivatives. 

an  nu  al  ly 
ar  gu  ing 
ben  e  fit  ed 
com  bat  ing 
can  eel  ed 
crys  tal  lize 
dec  la  ma  tion 
de  fer  ring 
e  quip  ped 
frol  ick  ing 
heark  en 
in  flam  ma  ble 
plagu  ing 
re  fer  red 
sus  tain  ing 
vil'i  fy 


bi  en'nial 
ar  gu  mcnt 
ben  e  fi  cial  ly 
com'bat  ant 
can  eel  la  tion 
crys  tal  line 
de  clam  a  to  ry 
def  er  ence 
eq  ui  page 
frol  ic  some 
heark  en  ed 
in  flam  ma'tion 
plagu'y 
refer  ence 
sus'te  nance 
vil  i  fied 


20.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-cal*  -kle. 

crit'i  cal  buck'le 

ver  ti  cal  knuck  le 

tech  nical  truck  le 

prac  ti  cal  speck  le 

rad  i  cal  freck  le 

cyn  i  cal  pick  le 


12 


NOBMAL  WOKD  BOOK. 


21.  Troublesome  Terminations. 


-ine. 

-in* 

-ain. 

des  tine 

mar'gin 

cer'tain 

doc  trine 

mus  lin 

cur  tain 

en  gine 

pump  kin 

moun  tain 

fam  ine 

glier  kin 

plan  tain 

san  guine 

ur  chin 

bar  gain 

med  i  cine 

ver  min 

cap  tain 

22.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-urn*  -om.  -ome* 

ros'trum  blos'som  ful'some 

nos  trum  symp  torn  lone  some 

stra  tum  free  dom  wel  come 

ful  crum  wis  dom  glad  some 

me  di  um  king  dom  in  come 

min  i  mum  at  om  win  some 

max  i  mum  id  i  om  out  come 

23.  Troublesome  Terminations. 


-age. 

-ege. 

-clge. 

nl'lage 

col' lege 

por'ridge 

til  lage 

priv  i  lege 

par  tridge 

icar  riage 

sac  ri  lege 

car  tridge 

mar  riage 

al  lege' 

knowl  edge 

24.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-ar. 

-or. 

-er. 

-re. 

dol'lar 

doc'tor 

cen'ter 

or 

cen  tre 

col  lar 

au  tlior 

lus  ter 

or 

lus  tre 

eel  lar 

sail  or 

sa  ber 

or 

sa  bre 

ce  dar 

suit  or 

som  ber 

or 

som  bre 

gram  mar 

tu  tor 

mea  ger 

or 

mea  gre 

SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


13 


-ar. 

-or. 

-er. 

-re. 

mor'tar 

ma'jor 

spec'ter           or 

spec'tre 

sug  ar 

mi  nor 

me  ter              or 

me  tre 

beg  gar 

sen  ior 

the'a  ter          or 

the 'a  tre 

pil  lar 

jun  ior 

ac  cou'ter        or 

ac  cou'tre 

25.  Troublesome  Terminations. 

-city. 

-city. 

-sity. 

-sity. 

a  troc'i  ty 

ra  pac'i  ty 

ver  bos'i  ty 

di  ver'si  ty 

fe  roc  i  ty 

sa  gac  i  ty 

0  bes  i  ty 

im  men  si  ty 

pre  coc  i  ty 

te  nac  i  ty 

po  ros  ity 

pro  pen  si  ty 

lo  quae  i  ty 

du  plic  i  ty 

per  ver  si  ty 

u  ni  ver  si  ty 

ve  rac  i  ty 

com  plic  i  ty     pom  pos  i  ty 

ad  ver  si  ty 

ca  pac  i  ty 

sim  plic  i  ty 

ne  ces  si  ty 

cu  ri  OS  i  ty 

26.  The  Suffix  -ous. 

Words  ending  ir 

1  'tious. 

cap'tious 

con  ten'tious 

li  cen'tious 

vex  a'tious 

cau  tious 

fa  ce  tious 

nu  tri'tious 

con  sci  en'tious 

f  ac  tious 

fie  ti  tious 

pre  ten  tious 

ex  pe  di  tious 

frae  tious 

fac  ti  tious 

pro  pi  tious 

OS  ten  ta  tious 

une  tious 

fla  gi  tious 

sen  ten  tious 

BU  per  sti  tious 

am  bi'tious 

in  fee  tious 

se  di  tious 

sur  rep  ti  tious 

27.  Words  ending  in  -cious, 

a  tro'cious  fe  ro'cious  per  ni^cious  te  na'cious 

ait  da  cious  ju  di  cious  pre  co  cious  ve  ra  cious 

aus  pi  cious  lo  qua  cious  pug  na  cious  vi  va  cious 

ca  pa  cious  ma  li  cious  ra  pa  cious  vo  ra  cious 

ca  pri  cious  men  da  cious  sa  ga  cious  cou  tu  ma^cioiis 

de  li  cious  ofji  cious  sus  pi  cious  per  ti  na  cious 


a'que  ous 
boun  te  ous 
cour  te  ous 


28.  Words  ending  in 

cu  ta'ne  ous 
spon  ta  ne  ous 
ere  ta  ceous 


•eous, 

far  i  na'ceous 
ar  gil  la  ceous 
ho  mo  ge  ne  ous 


14 


KORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


gas'e  ous 
hid  eous 
pit  e  ous 
er  ro'ne  ous 
ex  tra  ne  ous 


a7n  pMhH  ous 
con  tu  me'li  ous 
de  le  te'ri  ous 
gre  gaWi  ous 
hi  la  ri  ous 
ig  no  min'i  ous 
in  vid'i  ous 


crus  ta'ceous 
her  ba  ceous 
out  ra  geous 
cou  ra  geous 
ad  van  ta'geous 


het  er  o  ge'ne  ous 
in  stan  ta'ne  ous 
mis  eel  la  ne  ous 
si  mul  ta  ne  ous 
ex  tern  po  ra'ne  ous 


29.  Words  ending  in  -ious. 

ma  la'ri  ous  su  yer  ciVious 

mill  tifa'ri  ous  sac  ri  le  gious 

punc  til'ious  cen  so'ri  ous 

op  pro  hri  ous  no  to  ri  ous 

ob  nox  ious  u  su  ri  ous 

pro  dig  ious  vain-glo'ri  ous 

re  lig  ious  vi  caWi  ous 


30.  Two  Ways  of  Spelling. 

The  orthography  preferred  in  Webster's  Dictionary  is  given  in  the 
first  column.    That  marked  °  is  obsolete  in  this  country. 


aesthetic 

esthetic 

enroll 

enrol 

artisan 

artizan^ 

enterprise 

enter prize^ 

apothegm 

apophthegm 

.   envelop     {v) 

envelope 

atheneum 

athenceum 

envelope  {n) 

envelop 

bigoted 

bigotted 

epaulet 

epaulette 

bazaar 
caliber 

bazar 
calibre 

eyrie 
e)/r>     ) 

aerie 

catechise 

catechize^ 

fulfill 

fulfil 

center 

centre 

fullness 

fulness 

develop 

develope 

good-by 

good-bye 

diarrhea 

diarrhoea 

halloo 

holloa^ 

distill 

distil 

hostler 

ostler 

ecstasy 

extasy^ 

homeopathy 

homceopathy 

embalm 

imhalm 

hypotenuse 

hypothenuse 

empanel 

impanel 

imbitter 

embitter 

SPELLING  AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


u 


31.  Two  Ways  of  Spelling. 


indorse 

endorse 

pretense 

pretence 

innuendo 

inuendo 

reverie 

revere/ 

install 

iiistal^ 

Sanskrit 

Sanscrit 

installment 

instalment 

siphon 

sypJion 

intrust 

entrust^ 

sirup 

syrup 

jewelry 

jeioelery 

skeptic 

sceptic 

licorice 

liquorice  - 

skillful 

skilful 

manikin 

mannikin 

synonym 

synonyms 

mattress 

mattrass 

sergeant 

Serjeant 

mosquito 

musquito 

toweling 

toioelling 

opaque 

opahe 

traveler 

traveller 

offense 

offence 

trousers 

trowsers 

parquet 

parquette 

turquois 

turquoise 

peddler 

pedler 

unroll 

unrol 

phenix 

phcenix 

vedette 

vidette 

pommel 

pummel 

visitor 

visiter 

practice  (v) 

practise  {v) 

whisky 

whiskey 

32.  Notation  of  Vowel  Sounds. 


As  given  in  Webster's  Dictionary. 


a 

in 

ille. 

i               in 

it. 

a 

in 

arm. 

1               in 

thirst. 

% 

in 

all. 

i(=e)     in 

pique. 

h 

in 

add. 

0               in 

old. 

d 

in 

dir. 

6               in 

add. 

4 

in 

ask. 

0  (=o"o)  in 

prgve. 

a 

in 

what 

6(=a)    in 

form. 

e 

in 

eve. 

6  (=  u)   in 

done. 

^ 

in 

end. 

0  (=  o"o)  in 

wolf. 

& 

in 

hgr. 

u               in 

use. 

e(= 

a)  in 

prey. 

ii              in 

us. 

1 

in 

Ice. 

u  (=  oo)  in 

rude. 

IG 


IS^OEMAL  WOKD  BOOK. 


u  (=  do)  in      pull.  db  in      tdbt 

u  (=  e)   in      urge.  y  in      fly. 

do  (=  o)    in      moon.  f  in      nymph. 

Note. — It  is  desirable  that  all  advanced  pupils  should  learn  this 
notation  in  order  to  make  a  ready  and  an  accurate  use  of  the  dic- 
tionary. 

Require  pupils  to  write  and  sound  the  following  scale  : 
a,     a,     a,     a,     A, 
o,     0,     Q,     6,    6, 


a,     a ;    e, 
o;    u,     u, 

e,.    e,     e;     i,     i,     i, 
u,     u,    u ;    0-0,  0^0,  y, 

.a\  Training. 

Concert  Drill. 

I.  a,     a,     a,     a    in  a  whisper. 

II.  The  same  with  moderate  force. 

III.  The  same  very  loud. 

IV.  The  same  in  very  low  pitch. 
V.  The  same  in  yery  high  pitch. 

VI.  The  same  in  a  shouting  tone. 

34.  Concert  Drill. 

In  a  similar  manner  take  the  following  . 
I.     e,     ^,     1,     i.  III.     u,     u, 

II.     o,     6,     Q.  IV.     oi,    ou. 

V.     a,     a,     e,     e,     i,     i,     o,     6,     u, 

35.  Notation  of  Consonant  Sounds. 
As  given  in  Webster's  Dictionary. 


9    soft 

in 

9ede. 

s     soft        in 

has. 

€    hard 

in 

€all. 

th  sharp      in 

thing. 

ch 

in 

child. 

th  flat         in 

thine. 

9h  (=  sh) 

in 

9haise. 

ng               in 

sing. 

€h  hard 

in 

€horus. 

n                 in 

linger. 

g    hard 

in 

get. 

X    (=gz)   in 

exist. 

g    soft 

in 

gem. 

ph(=f)      in 

phantom 

s    sharp 

in 

same. 

qu(=  kw)  in 

queen. 

SPELLIiTG   AND   PRONUNCIATION.  17 

Exercise. 

Require  pupils  to  collect,  write,  and  mark  five  words  to 
illustrate  each  sound. 

36.  Vowel  Sounds.    Italian  a. 

Note. — The  common  error  in  pronouncing  some  of  the  following 
words  is  the  flattening  of  the  a  to  short  2,  as  in  hat.  Secure  the 
correct  sound  of  a,  in  arm,  first,  by  concert  drill  after  the  teacher ; 
secondly,  by  requiring  each  pupil  to  pronounce  singly. 


alms 

iiunt 

laugh'ter 

al'mond 

balm 

daunt 

daunt  less 

gua  no 

calm 

gaunt 

calf-skin 

gua  va 

palm 

haunt 

path  way 

pla  za 

psalm 

jaunt 

hearth-stone 

ma  guey' 

calf 

flaunt 

heart  less 

a  ga've 

half 

taunt 

laun  dry 

so  pra'no 

salve 

craunch 

jaun  dice 

fi  na'le 

bafh 

haunch 

gaunt  let 

mo  ha've 

path 

launch 

saun  ter 

Mon  ta'na 

wrath 

staunch 

half-way 

Ne  va'da 

lath 

laugh 

fa  ther 

Col  0  ra'do 

37.  Sound  of  a  in  asTe. 

This  sound  is  intermediate  between  a  in  arm  and  a  in  hat.  The 
common  error  in  many  parts  of  our  country  consists  in  flattening 
the  sound  to  that  of  short  a.  The  true  sound  must  be  given  by  the 
teacher,  and  imitated  by  the  class. 


aft 

shaft 

tusk 

vast 

staJff 

craft 

waft 

blast 

clasp 

chant 

daft 

ask 

cast 

gasp 

grant 

draft 

bask 

fast 

grasp 

pant 

graft 

cask 

last 

hasp 

slant 

haft 

flask 

mast 

rasp 

chance 

raft 

mask 

past 

chajff 

dance 

18 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


glance 

class 

basque 

cas'ket 

mas'tiff 

lance 

glass 

casque 

craft  y 

pas  ture 

prance 

grass 

draught 

fast  er 

pas  tor 

trance 

mass 

after 

ghast  ly 

plas  ter 

branch 

pass 

bas  ket 

mas  ter 

vast  ness 

38.  Sound  of  a  in  ask. 

com  mand 

/        per  chance' 

a  ghast' 

ad 

van'tage 

de  mand 

a  1 

slant 

a  vast 

ad 

vance  ment 

re  mand 

re 

past 

a  las 

en 

chant  ment 

en  hance 

en 

graft 

dis  mast 

com  mand  ment 

ad  vance 

un  mask 

un  clasp 

en 

hance  ment 

en  trance 

en 

.  chant 

un  hasp 

mc 

)  las  ses 

39.  Sound  of  o  in  move. 

Equivalents  :  do  as  in  moon,  and  u  after  r,  as  in  nide. 


move 

roof 

food 

who 

tru'ant 

prove 

rheum 

shrewd 

you 

tru  ly 

lose 

route 

fruit 

do 

truf  fle 

shoe 

wound 

truth 

two 

truth  ful 

true 

school 

brute 

sure 

rude  ness 

loose 

rule 

shoot 

tour 

rou  tine' 

40.  Sound  of  long  u. 

As  in  use,  with  its  equivalents. 

fuse 

tune 

pure 

du'ty 

al  lure' 

news 

newt 

cure 

mu  sic 

en  dure 

due 

feud 

lure 

pu  pil 

a  dieu 

cube 

dew 

fewer 

beau  ty 

re  sume 

suit 

view 

sure 

flu  ent 

as  sume 

mute 

lieu 

pure 

nui  sance 

de  lude 

tube 

lute 

glue 

stu  pid 

con  elude 

SPELLING   AXD   PRONUNCIATION. 


19 


41.  Sound  of  u  after  r. 
As  in  rude,  equivalent  to  q  in  prQve,  and  <55  in  moon. 


rude 

bruise                 gru'el 

bru'tal 

rule 

cruise                 ruth  less 

bru  in 

crude 

brute                  tru  ant 

dru  id 

true 

fruit                    ru  mor 

pru  dence 

truce 

prune                  ru  ral 

pru  dish 

spruce 

prude                  ru  in 

prim  ing 

42.  Pronunciation  and  Spelling. 

Note.— Refer  to  the  dictionary  for  definitions. 

ac  qui  esce' 

coch'i  neal 

em  pir'ic 

au'gu  ry 

coun'ter  feit 

e  mol'lient 

ap  pren'tice 

can'is  ter 

en  vel'op 

ar'mis  tice 

can  non  ade' 

en'vel  ope 

ab  do'men 

car'at 

e'qua  ble 

a  dult' 

ca'ret 

or'u  dite 

a  dept' 

cer'e  bral 

es  ca  pade' 

al  lop'a  thy 

com'bat  ant 

for'mid  a  ble 

ac  cli'mat  ed 

du'te  ous 

flac'cid 

aq'ui  line 

du'ti  ful 

fe'tich 

au  re'o  la 

dif  fi  dent 

fla  gi'tious 

bat  tal'ion 

dev'as  tate 

gen'u  ine 

ba  rouche' 

ex  cres'cence 

gos'sip  ing 

bi  tu'min  ous 

ex  cur'sion 

glu'ti  nous 

43.  Pronunciation  and  Spelling. 

her'o  ine 

im'pi  ous 

jeop'ard  y 

bys  ter'ics 

in  no  va'tion 

lam'en  ta  ble 

im  plfi'ca  ble 

in  sid'i  ous 

mar'i  time 

im'mi  nent 

in  oc'u  late 

mol'e  cule 

in  im'i  cal 

ju'gu  lar 

mil'li  ner  y 

is'o  late 

^u'vc  nile 

mis'cel  la  ny 

20 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


ma9'er  ate 

pa  la'tial 

suc'cu  lence 

ob'se  quies 

res'i  due 

scur'ril  ous 

or'i  fice 

rev'e  nue 

sal'i  va  ry 

po  lo  naise' 

ret'i  nue 

suav' i  ty 

pr5b'i  ty 

ret'i  cence 

tap'es  try 

py  ri'tes 

sen  ten'tions 

u  biq'ui  tous 

punc  tirious 

sat'ir  ize 

va'ri  e  gate 

prg9'e  dent 

su  per  sede' 

44.  Words  Frequently  Mispronounced. 


Correct.  Incorrect. 

hX  ter  ca'tion  al  ter  ca'tion 

aft  er  noon' 

al  pac'a 

ab  do 'men 

ar'mis  tice 

al'ter  nate 

are'tic 

cay  enne' 

cem'e  ter  y 

cir  cu'i  tous 

con'ver  sant 

def  i  cit 

dog'ile 

e'qua  ble 

fi  nance' 


df  ter  noon' 
al  a  imc'a 
ah' do  men 
ar  mis' tice 
aVter  nate 
ar'tic 
hi  an' 
cem'e  try 
cir'hit  ous 
con  ver'sant 
defic'it 
do' die 
^'qua  hie 
fl'nance 


Correct. 

fau'cet 

Feb'ru  a  ry 

ful'some 

gla'mour 

in'dus  try 

in  qui'ry 

il  lus'trate 

in'ter  est  ing 

i  de'a 

in  ter  loc'u  tor 

is'o  late 

i  so  ther'mal 

irre  me'diable 

ju'ven  lie 

laun'dry 


Incorrect, 

fd'cet 

Feh'U  a  ry 

ful'some 

gldm'ur 

in  dast'ry 

i7i'qui  ry 

il'lus  trate 

in  ter  est'ing 

i'de  a 

in  ter  lo  cu'tor 

I' so  late 

IS  0  ther'mal 

ir  rem'i  di  a  hie 

ju've  nlle 

laun'dry 


Correct. 

leg'is  la  ture 
lam'en  ta  ble 
lic'or  ice 


45.  Pronunciation. 

Incorrect,  Correct. 

leg  is  la' ture      lifer  a  ture 
la  ment'a  hie      ly  ce'um 
lik'er  ish  mu  se'um 


Incorrect. 

lifer  a  chure 
ly'ce  wn 
mu'se  urn 


SPELLING   AND   PROKUNCIATION. 


21 


CoiTect. 

Incorrect. 

Correct. 

Incorrect. 

mag  a  zine 

/      mag' a  zine 

pa'tri  ot 

ism    pat'ri  ot  ism 

mis'cliiev  ous  mis  chiev'ous     pa'tri  ot 

pdt'ri  ot 

main'te  nance  main  tdin'^ 

ance  pred  e  ces'sor  pred'e  ces  sor 

mas'cu  line      mm'cu  line       ped'a  go  gy     ped  a  gog'y 

mau  so  le'um  mau  so'le  urn     per'emp  to  ry  per  emp'to  ry 

moun'tain 

ous  moun  td'ne  ous  phdn'ics 

pho'nics 

na'tion  al 

na'tion  al 

p6st'hu  mous  post  hu'mous 

neu  ral'gi  a      neu  raVi  gi 

I       po  ta'to 

pii  ta'tu 

0  bSs'i  ty 

0  ht'si  ty 

pre'sci  ence     pre'slience 

op  po'nent 

op'po  nent 

rd'tion  al 

r a' lion  al 

or'thO  c  py 

or  tho'e  py 

rd  tion  a' 

le      ra  tio  nale' 

o'a  sis 

0  a' sis 

rec'og  nize       re  cog'nize 

46.  Pronunciation. 

■vu^^^                  Correct 
word.          rronunciation. 

IVord. 

Correct 
Pronunciation, 

Asia 

a' she  a 

spinach 

spin'ej 

Arab 

dr'db 

splenetic 

splen'e  tic 

adult 

a  dulV 

superficies 

su  2)er  fish'ez 

arid 

ar'id 

surveillance 

sur  vdl'yans 

column 

kol'um 

telegraphy 

te  leg'ra  phy 

engine 

en'jln 

vehement 

ve'he  ment 

epoch 

^p'ock 

allopathy 

al  lop' a  thy 

figure 

fig'yur 

comparable 

com' par  a  hie 

gherkin 

ger'kin 

combatant 

com'ha  tant 

iron 

I'nrn 

complaisance 

com'pld  zance 

leisure 

It'zhiir 

compromise 

com' pro  mize 

nausea 

naw'she  a 

domicile 

dom'l  cile 

nauseous 

naiu'shus 

excursion 

ex  cur' shun 

patent 

pat'ent 

exclusive 

ex  cia'.sive 

pretty 

prxt'ty 

furniture 

fur'nl  tUre 

raillery 

rdVlcr  y 

ordeal 

or'de  al 

%2 


NOKHAL  WORD  BOOK. 


47,  A  Dictation  Lesson.    Spelling  and  Defining. 

Note.— The 

following  words  in  current  use 

are  frequently  mis- 

spelled.    Require  both  oral  spelling  and  oral  defining. 

T 

bil'ious 

gyp'sum 

let'tuce 

strych'nine 

bal'ance 

gey  ser 

lus  cious 

vine  yard 

frig'id 

gun  wale 

mat  tress 

vis  cid 

gau  ger 

lieark  en 

mor  phine 

ven  ue 

gud  geon 

lac  quer 

phthis  ic 

wid  ow 

gher  kin 

liq  nor 

scliot  tish 
IL 

zeph  yr 

be  lieve' 

ex  hort' 

re  lieve' 

be  siege' 

be  nign 

ex  ude 

re  ceive 

be  lief 

ca  price 

ex  haust 

re  prieve 

de  ceit 

ca  tarrh 

im  pugn 

tra  peze 

re  ceipt 

com  prise 

in  veigli 

ta  boo 

a  cliieve 

de  mise 

ma  lign 

tat  too 

de  ceive 

48.  Spell 

ing  and  Defining. 
I. 

ic  cate 

al'co  hoi 

des' 

ker'o  sene 

an  a  lyz? 

den 

ti  frice 

lau  da  num 

an  tlira  cite 

ec  sta  sy 

ob  se  quies 

aq  ue  duct 

far  ( 

ci  cal 

oph  i  cleide 

crys  tyl  line 

giyc 

!  er  ine 

phos  plior  us 

oliryM  a  lis 

gut 

tur  al 
II. 

pha  e  ton 

par'ri  cide 

sep' 

a  rate 

vac'il  late 

par  a  site 

sac  ri  lege 

ver  di  gris 

sac  cha  rine 

sib  yl  line 

vis  ce  ra 

scin  til  late 

traf  fick  ing 

ven  ti  late 

sym  me  try 

tyr 

an  nize 

ves  i  clc 

syn  0  nym 

vac  ci  nate 

vi  ti  ate 

SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


23 


as  phal'tum 
ac  quaint  ance 
ba  na  na 
clair  Yoy  ance 
di  shev  el 
e  lix  ir 


bal'us  trade 
col  on  nade' 
guar  an  tee 
mign  on  ette 
mill'ion  aire 
8u  per  sede' 


49.  Spelling  and  Defining. 
I. 

em  bar'rass 
in  i  tial 
im  brogl  io 
mos  qui  to 
pa  vil  ion 
pneu  mat  ics 

II. 

ben'e  fit  ed 
cater  pil  lar 
mil  li  ne  ry 
de  bat'a  ble 
ex  on  er  ate 
ex  hil  a  rate 


pro  bos'cis 
ter  rif  ic 
tar  pau  lin 
to  bac  CO 
ve  ra  clous 
zy  mot  ic 

in  del  i  ble 
in  flam  ma  ble 
i  SOS  ce  les 
re  sus  ci  tate 
diph.  the  ri  a 
pa  ral  y  sis 


50.  The  Suffix  -able. 

Note. — The  liability  to  misspell  words  like  the  following  consists  in 
the  tendency  to  use  -ible  for  -able  ;  in  retaining  final  e  when  it  should 
be  dropped  ;  and  in  dropping  e  after  c  or  g  when  it  should  be  retained. 
Force  of  suffix :  Capable  of  being. 

ad  vis'a  ble  en  dur'a  ble 

a  me'na  ble  in  ef  fa  ble 

blam'a  ble  in  sep'a  ra  ble 

change'a  ble  in  com'pa  ra  ble 

charge'a  ble  in  flam'ma  ble 

con  triv'a  ble  ir  rep'a  ra  ble 

cur'a  ble  in  ex'o  ra  ble 

dur'a  ble  in  dis'pu  ta  ble 

de  test'a  ble  in  dis  pen'sa  ble 

dis  pos'a  ble  il  lim'it  a  ble 

de  sTr'a  ble  in  nu'mer  a  ble 


laud'a  ble 
mov'a  ble 
man'age  a  ble 
mar'riage  a  ble 
not'a  ble 
prgv'a  ble 
prob'a  ble 
ne  go'ti  a  ble 
re  spect'a  ble 
sal'a  ble 
tam'a  ble 


24 


NOEMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


e'qua  ble 
ex  cit'a  ble 
ef  face'a  ble 


in  a'lien  a  ble 
in  ef  face'a  ble 
in  con  ceiv'a  ble 


un  lov'a  ble 
ven'er  a  ble 
no'tice  a  ble 


au'di  ble 
cred  i  ble 
ed  i  ble 
for  ci  ble 
fal  li  ble 
f  ea  si  ble 
flex  i  ble 
hor  ri  ble 
plan  si  ble 
pos  si  ble 
ris  i  ble 
sen  si  ble 
ter  ri  ble 
tan  gi  ble 


51.  The  Suffix  -ihle. 

ad  mis'si  ble 
ac  ces  si  ble 
cor  rupt  i  ble 
con  tempt  i  ble 
con  vert  i  ble 
CO  mes  ti  ble 
de  du  ci  ble 
di  gest  i  ble 
dis  cern  i  ble 
e  ras  i  ble 
el'i  gi  ble 
in  tel'li  gi  ble 
in  cor  ri  gi  ble 
im  pos  si  ble 


im  pres'si  ble 
in  del  i  ble 
in  ex  haust'i  ble 
in  de  fen  si  ble 
ir  re  sist  i  ble 
in  ex  press  i  ble 
im  per  cep  ti  ble 
OS  ten  si  ble 
per  cep  ti  ble 
per  mis  si  ble 
re  spon  si  ble 
re  vers  i  ble 
re  f er  ri  ble 
sus  cep  ti  ble 


ab'sti  nence 
cor  pu  lence 
con  fi  dence 
con  fer  ence 
com  pe  tence 
def  er  ence   • 
dif  fer  ence 
ev  i  dence 
em  i  nence 
ex  eel  lence 


52.  The  Suffix 

Be  careful  not  to  s 

prev'a  lence 
pes  ti  lence 
prom  i  nence 
pref  er  ence 
prov  i  dence  * 
pen  i  tence 
ref  er  ence 
con  cur  rence 
con  ve  ni  ence 
de  pend  ence 


^ence, 

pell  with  -ance. 

be  nev'o  lence 
be  nef  i  cence 
CO  in  ci  dence 
ex  pe  ri  ence 
mag  nif  i  cence 
mu  nif  i  cence 
om  nip  0  tence 
sub  ser  vi  ence 
ac  qui  es  cence 
cor  re  spend  ence 


SPELLING   AN^D   PROKUNCIATIOK 


26 


im'pu  dence 
in  do  lence 
in  fer  ence 
in  so  lence 


ex  ist'ence 
ex  cres  cence 
oc  cur  rence 
sub  sist  ence 


con  va  les'cence 
in  do  pend  ence 
in  con  ve  ni  ence 
su  per  in  tend  ence 


53.  The  Suffix  -ance. 
Be  careful  not  to  spell  with  -ence. 


coun'te  nance 
com  plai  sance 


main  te  nance 
pet  u  lance 
ra  di  ance 
res  o  nance 
rel  e  vance 
sus  te  nance 
suf  fer  ance 
sup  pli  ance 
tol  er  ance 
ut  ter  ance 
vig  i  lance 


al  low'ance 
af  fi  ance 
a  bun  dance 
ap  pli  ance 
ap  pear  ance 
ad  mit  tance 
an  noy  ance 
at  tend  ance 
as  stir  ance 
ac  quaint  ance 
as  sist  ance 
al  le  giance 
ac  cord  ance 
con  triv  ance 
con  niv  ance 


m  sur'ance 
mal  fea  sance 
ob  serv  ance 
re  mem  brance 
re  sist  ance 
re  luc  tance 
en  dur  ance 
re  mit  tance 
re  pent  ance 
re  li  ance 
con  tin  u  ance 
ex  or  bi  tance 
lux  u  ri  ance 
in  her  it  ance 
per  se  ver  ance 


com'pe  tent 
com  po'nent 
con'fi  dent 
de  pend'ent 
de  po  nent 
de  spend  ent 


54.  The  Sufffx  -ent, 

C^  Be  careful  not  to  spell  -ant. 
differ  ent        im  pa'tient 


em  i  nent 
ex  eel  lent 
ex  pe  di  ent 
ex  po'nent 
im'mi  nent 


im'po  tent 
im  pu  dent 
in  ci  dent 
in  hal'ent 
in  her'ent 


in  de  pend'ent 
in  ter  mit  tent 
prev'a  lent 
re  mit  tent 
re  pel  lent 
re  splen  dent 


ZQ 


NORMAL  WOED  BOOK. 


55.  The  Suffix  -ant. 


Be  careful  not  to  spell  -ent. 


as  sist'ant 
at  tend  ant 
clair  voy  ant 
cog^ni  zant 
com  plai  sant 
con  fi  dant  {vL,) 
con  ver  sant 


con  so  nant 
con  test* ant 
de  fend  ant 
de  scend  ant 
dis  cord  ant 
ex  pect  ant 
ex  uher  ant 


ex  ult  ant 
i  tin  er  ant 
ig  no  rant 
lux  u  ri  ant 
oh  serv  ant 
pet  u  lant 
re  dun  dayit 


re  luc  tant 
re  pent  ant 
re  suit  ant 
sti?n  u  lant 
sup  pli  ant 
tri  umpli  ant 
vig  i  lant 


56.  Abbreviated  Expressions. 

Note.— The  following  contracted  forms  are  allowable  in  poetry,  in 
colloquial  language,  and  in  familiar  letter- writing ;  but  they  are  to 
be  avoided,  in  general,  in  grave  or  serious  composition  or  conversation. 
Pupils  should  be  required  to  give  an  oral  or  a  written  sentence  to 
illustrate  the  use  of  each  contracted  form. 


ren't   3 


ar' 

aren' 

can't 

couldn't 

didn't 

don't 

doesn't 

liadn*t 

hasn't 

he'll 

he'd 

rii 

I'd 


are  not 

can  not 
could  not 
did  not 
do  not 
does  not 
had  not 
has  not 
:  he  will 

he  would  or  had 
;  I  will 
I  would  or  had 


isn't  : 

mustn't  : 

shan't  : 
shouldn't: 

they'll  : 

they'd  : 

'twill  = 

wasn't  : 
we'll 

won't  : 
wouldn't : 

you'll  : 
you'd 


is  not 
:  must  not 

shall  not 
:  should  not 

they  will 

they  would  or  had 
it  will 

Avas  not 

we  will 
:  will  not 
:  would  not 

you  will 
:  you  would  or  had 


SPELLING   AND   PRONUNCIATION. 


27 


57.  Latin  Words  in  Current  Use. 


a  lum'm 

graduates  of  a  college  or  university 

cur  ric'u  lum 

a  course  of  study 

dic'tum 

a  dogmatic  assertion 

de  sid  er  a' turn 

a  thing  to  be  desired 

fac-sim'i  le 

an  exact  copy 

flo'ra 

the  vegetation  of  a  place 

fau'na 

the  animals  of  a  place 

iii'ter  im 

intervening  time 

lit  er  a'ti 

men  of  letters 

ra  tion  a'le 

a  series  of  reasons 

se  ri  a'tim 

in  regular  order  or  series 

ul  ti  ma'tum 

a  final  proposition 

vi'a 

by  way  of 

vi'ce 

in  place  of 

ver  ba'tim 

word  for  word 

58.  Short 

ad  libitum,  at  pleasure. 
ad  nauseam,  to  disgust. 
ad  valo'rem,  according  to 

value. 
ad  infini'tum,  to  infinity. 
ad  interim,  in  the  mean 

time. 
Wnafi'de,  in  good  faith. 
de  novo,  anew. 
ex  officio,  by  virtue  of  office. 
in  terro'rem,  as  a  warning. 
in  to'to,  entirely. 
in  esse,  in  actual  being. 
in  pos^se,  in  possible  being. 
post  mortem,  after  death. 
terra  firma,  solid  earth. 


Latin  Phrases. 

si'ne  di'e,  without  a  day. 
in  situ,  in  place  ;  fixed. 
ipse  dixit,  mere  assertion. 
nolens  volens,  willing  or  not. 
per  contra,  on  the  other  hand. 
pari  passu,  with  equal  pace. 
per  capita,  by  the  head. 
2)er  centum,  by  the  hundred. 
per  annum,,  by  the  year. 
per  diem,  by  the  day. 
per  se,  by  itself. 
pro  and  con,  for  and  against, 
pro  forma,  mere  form. 
pro  rata,  in  proportion. 
vi'va  vo'ce,  with  living  voice. 
vox 2)02)' uli,\oiCG  of  the  people. 


28  N^ORMAL  WOED  BOOK. 

59.  Abbreviations  of  Latin  Words  and  Phrases. 

'  *  '^  *    Y  (exem'pU  gratia),  as  for  example. 

et  al.  (et  alii  or  alia),  and  others. 

Ibid,  or  lb.  {ibidem),  in  the  same  place. 

Id.  {idein),  the  same  [author]. 

i.  e.  {id  est),  that  is  ;  as,  The  Empire  State,  i.  e.,  New  York. 

L.  8.  {locus  sigilli),  place  of  the  seal  [on  a  legal  paper]. 

N.  B.  {nota  be'ne),  note  well ;  take  notice. 

nem,  coti.  {nem'ine  contradicen'te),  no  one  opposing. 

Pro  Tern,  {pro  tem'pore),  for  the  time  being. 

q.  V.  {quod  vi'de),  which  see,  i.  e.,  refer  to. 

Q,  E.  D.  {quod  erat  demonstrandum),  which  was  to  be 

proyed. 
ss.  {scilicet),  namely;  to  wit  [used  in  law]. 
viz.  {videVicet),  namely  ;  as  follows. 
vs.  {versus),  against ;  as,  Case  of  Brown  vs.  Smith, 
etc.  {et  cefera),  and  others  ;  and  so  forth. 


Pi^RT    II. 

WORDS    GROUPED    AND     DEFINED. 


I.  Language. 

linguist  A  person  skilled  in  many  languages. 

philologist  One  who  has  a  scientific  knowledge  of  lan- 

guage. 

grammar  Treats  of  the  use  of  words  in  sentences. 

letters  Characters  of  a  written  language. 

hieroglyphics  The  sacred  or  picture  writing  of  the  an- 
cient Egyptian  priests. 

idiom  A  form  of  expression  peculiar  to  a  language. 

vernacular  Belonging  to  the  country  of  one's  birth; 

home-born  ;  one's  native  tongue. 

dialect  A  form  of  speech  peculiar  to  a  tribe  or  to  a 

part  of  a  country. 

provincialism  A  peculiar  use  or  pronunciation  of  words  in 
some  particular  part  of  a  country. 

solecism  A  gross  blundering  in  forms  of  expression. 

Sanskrit  The  ancient  language  of  the  Hindoos,  in 

which  are  written  the  religious  books  of 
India. 

Greek  The  classic  language  of  Greece. 

Latin.  The  language  of  the  ancient  Romans. 

2.  Speech. 

rhetoric  The  art  of  speaking  correctly,  elegantly, 

and  forcibly. 
oration  A  formal  speech  delivered  on  some  special 

occasion. 


30 


]SrOEMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


harangue 
panegyric 

eulogium 

exordium 

peroration 

philippic 

Komanic 


Anglo-Saxon 


Teutonic 


The  Classics 


A  declamatory  speech  to  a  multitude. 

A  public  speech  in  high  praise  of  some  emi- 
nent person. 

A  formal  speech  in  praise  of  some  person. 

The  introductory  part  of  a  speech. 

The  concluding  part  of  a  speech. 

A  speech  abounding  in  fierce  invective. 

Pertaining  to  the  languages  which  spring 
out  of  the  Eoman,  or  Latin  tongue  ;  also 
used  as  a  general  term  to  include  the 
Latin,  Italian,  French,  Spanish,  etc. 

The  term  applied  to  the  English  language 
as  spoken  by  the  early  Teutonic  peoples 
of  England. 

A  general  term,  including  German,  Dutch, 
Danish,  Norwegian,  Icelandic,  Gothic, 
Saxon,  etc. 

The  ancient  Greek  and  Latin  authors. 

3.  Rhetoric. 


ambiguity  A  double  meaning  involved  in  the  construc- 

tion of  a  sentence. 

analogy  A  correspondence  in  certain  respects  be- 

tween things  otherwise  different. 

antithesis  A  contrast  of  thought  or  words. 

apostrophe  A  turning  away  from  the  subject  to  address 

the  absent  or  the  dead  as  if  present. 

circumlocution  A  manner  of  expression  in  which  more 
words  are  used  than  are  necessary;  a 
talking  around. 

climax  A  manner  of  expression  in  which  the  parts 

of  a  sentence  are  so  arranged  as  to  rise  in 
strength  to  the  last. 

diction  Choice  of  words  ;  manner  of  expression. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


31 


epigram  A  witty,  pointed  saying. 

euphemism  A  soft  or  mild  term  used  to  express  in  a 
more  pleasing  way  a  harsh  or  disagree- 
able statement. 

hyperbole  An  exaggerated  form  of  expression. 

irony  A  form  of  expression  conveying  the  oppo- 

site of  the  ordinary  meaning  of  the  words. 

metaphor  An  implied  comparison  conveyed  by  trans- 

ferring to  one  object  the  qualities  of  an- 
other. 

metonymy  The  putting  of  one  term  or  word  for  an- 

other. 

parody  A  burlesque  imitation  of  a  poem  or  compo- 

sition. 

period  A  sentence  in  which  the  complete  sense  is 

suspended  till  the  end. 

personification  The  act  of  ascribing  to  anything  the  quali- 
ties of  a  person. 

pun  A  play  upon  words  similar  in  sound  but 

different  in  meaning. 

sarcasm  A  keen,  biting,  witty  form  of  expression. 

satire  The  ridiculing  of  follies  or  vices. 

simile  An  expressed  comparison. 

solecism  A  blunder  in  grammar. 


4.  Words. 

verbose  Having  more  words  than  are  necessary, 

pleonasm  An  allowable  redundancy  of  words, 

tautology  A  needless  repetition  of  the  same  words,  or 

of  the  same  ideas  in  different  words. 
synonyms  Words  having  the  same  general  meaning, 

but  differing  in  their  application. 
etymology  The  true  derivation  of  words  ;  grammatical 

inflections. 


32 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


orthography       The  correct  spelling  of  words. 
orthoepy  The  correct  pronunciation  of  words, 

vocabulary         A  collection  of  words. 

5.  Government. 

politics  The  science  of  government. 

politician  A  person  actively  engaged  in  the  manage- 

ment of  public  affairs. 

statesman  A  politician  well  versed  in  the  science  of 

government. 

demagogue  A  politician  who  panders  to  the  prejudices 
or  passions  of  the  common  people. 

monarchy  A  government  whose  head  is  an  hereditary 

sovereign. 

aristocracy         A  government  in  the  hands  of  the  nobility. 

oligarchy  A  government  in  the  hands  of  a  few  persons. 

despotism  A  government  in  which  the  power  of  the 

monarch  is  not  limited  by  a  constitution. 

republic  A  government  administered  by  representa- 

tives and  officials  elected  by  the  vote  of 
the  whole  people,  for  short  terms  of  oJBfice, 
and  under  which  the  liberties  of  the 
people  are  guaranteed  by  a  written  con- 
stitution. 

anarchy  Lack  of  government ;  political  disorder. 

rebellion  An  unsuccessful  attempt  by  force  of  arms 

to  overthrow  the  government. 

insurrection  A  sudden  rising  in  arms  against  the  gov- 
ernment by  a  part  of  the  people. 

citizen  A  person  in  whom  are  vested  certain  politi- 

cal rights  and  privileges ;  as.  An  Ameri- 
can citizen. 

subject  A  person  under  the  protection  of  a  mon- 

archy ;  as,  A  British  subject. 


WOEDS  GROUPED  AND  DEFINED. 


33 


elector 
naturalization 

election 


elective 
franchise 
poll-list 

canvass 
candidate 

nominee 

caucus 


convention 


6.  Elections. 

A  legally  qualified  voter. 

The  legal  process  by  which  an   alien,  or 

foreigner,  becomes  a  citizen. 
The  act  of  voting  or  balloting  for  public 

officers. 

The  right  of  voting  ;  right  of  franchise. 

A  list  of  the  legal  voters  of  an  election 
precinct. 

A  political  campaign. 

A  person  offering  himself  for  election  to 
an  office. 

A  person  named  by  some  political  conven- 
tion as  a  candidate  for  office. 

A  preliminary  meeting  of  political  leaders 
for  the  purpose  of  considering  political 
questions. 

A  political  meeting  of  elected  party  dele- 
gates for  the  purpose  of  nominating  can- 
didates. 


7.  Words  Relating  to  Courts  and  Law. 

court  A  tribunal  for  the  administration  of  justice  ; 

"  the  court "  is  also  a  term  apj^lied  to  the 

judge  in  contradistinction  to  the  counsel 

or  the  jury. 
judge  A  civil  officer  who  administers  justice  in 

law  courts. 
bench  The  seat  where  a  judge  sits;  hence,  "the 

bench  "  is  a  term  used  to  denote  all  judges 

taken  as  a  hodj. 


34 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


bar  The  place  which  counsel  occupy  in  court ; 

hence,  '*  the  bar  "  is  a  term  used  to  denote 
the  whole  legal  profession,  or  body  of 
licensed  attorneys-at-law. 

lawyer  A  person  licensed  to  practice  law. 

plea  The  defendant's  answer  to   the  plaintiffs 

declaration  and  complaint. 

plaintiff  The  party  that  brings  an  action  or  suit  in 

court. 

defendant  The    party  against  whom    the    action    is 

brought. 

client  The  party  that  employs  an  attorney-at-law. 

brief  A  condensed  statement  of  a  case  in  court. 

bail  Surety  given  for  a  liberated  prisoner's  re- 

appearance in  court. 

arraign  To  bring  a  prisoner  before  a  court  for  trial. 

sentence  The  pronouncing  of  a  penalty  by  the  judge 

against  a  convicted  criminal. 

judicial  Belonging  to  courts  of  law,  or  to  a  judge. 

the  judiciary      The  judges  as  a  body. 


8.  Crimes  in  Law. 

misdemeanor  A  minor  offence  to  which  the  law  has  not 
given  a  specific  name. 

crime  A  specific  offence  against  the  law. 

indictment  A  written  charge  of  crime  made  out  by  a 
grand  jury. 

murder  The  intentional  killing  of  a  human  being 

with  malice  aforethought. 

manslaughter  The  killing  of  a  person  in  the  heat  of  pas- 
sion without  premeditation. 

homicide  The  killing  of  a  human  being  by  act  of  man. 

libel  Defamation  of  the  character  of  another  by 

writing,  pictures,  etc. 


WORDS  GROUPED  AN^D   DEFINED. 


35 


felony  A  crime  of  high  grade  punishable  by  death 

or  imprisonment  in  the  state  prison, 
petit      I  The  stealing  of  property  of  small  value, 

larceny    j  constituting  a  minor  offence, 

grand     [  The  stealing  of  property  above  a  specified 

larceny    j  value,  making  a  state-prison  offence. 

arson  The  crime    of   wilfully  setting   fire  to  a 

building. 
burglary  The  crime  of  breaking  into  a  house  for  the 

purpose  of  robbery, 
perjury  The  crime  of  purposely  giving  false  testi- 

mony in  court, 
forgery  Fraudulently  making,  altering,  or  imitating 

a  writing  or  the  signature  of  another  for 

the  purpose  of  gain, 
peculation  The  act  of  any  official  in  appropriating 

public  moneys  to  his  own  personal  use. 
embezzlement     The  act  of  taking  for  one's  own  use  money 

or  goods  placed  in  his  care, 
bigamy  The  crime  of  having  two  or  more  wives  or 

husbands  at  the  same  time, 
mayhem  The  maiming  of  a  person  by  depriving  him 

of  any  of  his  members,  such  as  the  nose, 

ears,,  etc. 
treason  The  crime  of  attempting  to  overthrow  the 

government,   or  of  aiding  an  enemy  in 

time  of  war. 
mutiny  Eebellion   by  soldiers  or   seamen  against 

their  officers. 


9.  Words  Relating  to  Religion. 

religion  Any  system  of  faith  and  worship, 

mythology  The  science  which  treats  of  the  fabulous 

divinities  of  the  ancient  nations. 


36 


25^0 RMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


paganism 

theism 
deism 

atheism 

pantheism 

monotheism 

polytheism 

renegade 

martyr 

fanatic 

dogma 

orthodox 

heterodox 

Bible 

Koran 
Vedas 
Christianity 

mohammedanism 

brahmanism 

buddhism 

materialism 

creed 

heretic 


The  superstitious  religious  belief  and  wor- 
ship of  uncivilized  tribes  and  nations. 
Belief  in  the  existence  of  a  God. 
Belief  in  the  existence  of  God,  but  not  in 

revelation. 
A  disbelief  in  the  existence  of  God. 
A  belief  that  the  universe  is  God. 
A  belief  in  only  one  God. 
A  belief  in  the  existence  of  many  Gods. 
One  who  basely  abandons  his  religion. 
One  who   suffers   death  on  account  of 

religion. 
One  who   has   a  wild   and   unreasoning 

faith  and  zeal  in  his  religion. 
An  authoritative  statement  of  some  part 

of  a  religious  creed. 
Sound  in  the  creed  of  the  church. 
Dissenting  from  the  church  creed. 
The  holy  books  consisting  of  the  Old  and 

the  New  Testament. 
The  sacred  book  of  the  Mohammedans. 
The  sacred  writings  of  Brahmanism. 
The  form  of  faith  and  worship  based  upon 

the  Bible. 
The  religion  based  upon  the  teachings  of 

Mohammed  and  the  Koran. 
A  religion  founded  on  the  sacred  books 

called  the  Vedas. 
A  branch  of  Brahmanism,  founded  by 

Buddha. 
A  disbelief  in  a  future  state  of  existence. 
Articles  of  faith  of  a  church  or  society. 
One  who  disbelieves  the  religion  of  the 

church. 


WORDS  GROUPED   AXD   DEFINED. 


37 


10.  Literature. 

poetry  Imaginative  composition  expressed  in  meas- 

ured cadence  or  in  rliyme. 

rhetoric  The  art  of  prose  composition.  (See  page  29.) 

oratory  The  art  of  eloquent  and  elegant   public 

speaking. 

history  A  record  of  past  events  (with  the  philoso- 

phy of  cause  and  effect  in  the  progress  of 
events). 

novelist  A  writer  of  fictitious  literature. 

litterateur          A  person  devoted  to  literary  pursuits. 

literature  The  whole  body  of  literary  productions, 

usually  excluding,  however,  those  relat- 
ing to  positive  science. 


11.  Science. 

science  Classified  and  systematized  knowledge. 

mathematics  That  class  of  sciences  which  treats  of  num- 
bers and  magnitudes  and  their  relations. 

arithmetic  That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats 

of  numbers. 

algebra  That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats 

of  the  relations  of  numbers  or  quantities 
by  means  of  letters  and  other  symbols. 

geometry  That  branch  of  mathematics  which  treats 

of  solids,  surfaces,  lines,  and  angles. 

physics  The  science  that  treats  of  the  material  Avorld. 

botany  The  science  that  treats  of  plants. 

zoology  The  science  that  treats  of  animals. 

chemistry  The  science  that  treats  of  the  composition 

of  substances,  both  organic  and  inorganic. 

ornithology        The  science  that  treats  of  birds. 

ichthyology        The  science  that  treats  of  fishes." 


38  KORMAL   WORD  BOOK. 

biology  The   science  that  treats   of  the  different 

forces  of  life. 
sociology  The  science  that  treats  of  the  laws  and  the 

development  of  human  society. 
metaphysics       The  scientific  knowledge  of  the  laws  and 

actions  of  mind. 

Oral  Elxercise. 

Require  pupils  to  name  and  define  any  other  hrancJies  of 
science  that  they  tan  think  of. 

12.  Art. 

artist  A  general  term  applied  to  a  painter,  sculp- 

tor, engraver,  etc. 

studio  The  working-room  of  an  artist. 

cartoon  A  design   of  a  large   painting  drawn  on 

paper. 

caricature  A  drawing  that  represents  with  ridiculous 

exaggeration. 

fresco  A  method  of  painting  on  a  freshly  laid 

stucco  ground  of  lime  and  gypsum. 

photograph  A  picture  produced  by  the  action  of  light 
on  chemically  prepared  paper. 

statuette  A  small  statue. 

intaglio  Any  figure  cut  into  a  material ;  as,  a  seal. 

cameo  A  precious  stone  carved  in  relief. 

Require  pupils  to  add  and  define  10  additional  words 
relating  to  art. 

13.  Medicine. 

physician  A  person  who  practices  the  art  of  healing ; 

a  doctor, 
druggist  One  who  deals  in  drugs  or  medicines ;  an 

apothecary. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


39 


pharmacy  The  art  of  preparing  medicines. 

therapeutics  The  art  of  discovering  and  applying  me- 
dicinal remedies. 

nostrum  A  quack  medicine. 

panacea  A  remedy  for  all  diseases. 

regimen  A  course  of  living  for  the  attainment  of 

health. 

anodyne  A  medicine  for  alleviating  pain. 

14.  Diseases. 

asthma  A  disease  causing  difficulty  in  breathing. 

pneumonia         An  inflammation  of  the  lungs. 

diphtheria         A  disease  chiefly  afl'ecting  the  throat. 

phthisic  A  wasting  away  of  the  lungs. 

influenza  A  prevailing  cold,  or  catarrh. 

bronchitis  An  inflammation  of  the  bronchia,  or  tubes 

connected  with  the  windpipe. 

neuralgia  A  disease  of  a  nerve  and  its  branches. 

paralysis  A  disease  of  the  nerves,  causing  loss  of 

voluntary  motion. 

meningitis  Inflammation  of  the  membrane  of  the  brain 
or  the  spinal  cord. 

hydrophobia      A  disease  caused  by  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog. 

delirium   )  A  kind  of  madness  brought  on  by  long-con- 

tremens    )  tinned  and  excessive  use   of  spirituous 

liquors. 

epidemic  A  prevailing  disease  arising  from  a  wide- 

spread cause. 


money 
specie 


15.  Business  Transactions — Money. 

A  circulating  medium  for  the  doing   of 

business. 
Gold  or  silver  coin. 


40 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


coin  Gold,  silver,  or  other  stamped  metal  cur- 

rent as  money. 

currency  The  money  of  a  country  ;  as,  "paper"  cur- 

rency, "  hard  "  or  coin  currency. 

bullion  Gold  or  silver  in  bars  or  in  the  mass. 

"  greenbacks "  The  popular  name  given  to  United  States 
legal-tender  notes. 

mint  A  place  where  specie  currency  is  coined. 

bank-bills  The  paper  currency  issued  by  banks. 

inflation  An  excessive  issue  of  paper  currency,  not 

redeemable  in  gold  or  silver  coin. 

paper  money  Promises  by  a  government  or  a  bank  to  pay 
in  gold  and  silver  the  sum  specified  on 
the  face  of  the  note  or  bill. 

resumption  "Resuming  specie  payments"  means  re- 

deeming paper  money  with  coin. 

capitalist  One  who  possesses  a  large  amount  of  money 

or  stocks. 

usurer  One  who  loans  money  at  an  exorbitant  rate 

of  interest. 

pawnbroker  One  who  loans  money  in  small  sums  on  per- 
sonal property  pledged  in  payment. 


16.  Business  Terms. 

bank  An  establishment  for  the  custody,  loaning, 

exchange,  or  issue  of  money. 

draft  Or  Bill  of  Exchange — A  written  order  for 

money,  drawn  in  one  place  and  payable 
in  another. 

drawer  The  maker  of  the  draft. 

drawee  The  party  on  whom  the  draft  is  drawn. 

bank-check  A  written  order  to  the  bank  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  specified  sum  of  money. 


WORDS  GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


41 


note  A  written  promise  to  pay  a  certain  sum  of 

money, 
stock-broker       A  broker  who  deals  in  stocks, 
brokerage  The  commission  paid  a  broker  for  buying 

or  selling  stocks  for  others. 
"bulls  and  )      *^ Bulls"  are  brokers  that  try  to  make  a 
bears"  )         rise  in  the  value  of  stocks,  and  '* bears" 

are  those  who  operate  for  a  fall, 
interest  The  sum  paid  for  the  use  of  money, 

discount  Or  "per  cent  off,"  is  a  sum  deducted  from 

a  bill  or  debt  paid  cash  down  before  it 

becomes  due. 
bonds  Written  obligations  by  corporations  or  by 

governments    to  pay  specified  sums  of 

money  at  a  certain  time,  with  a  certain 

rate  of  interest. 

17.  Real  Estate. 

real  estate  Property  in  lands  and  buildings,  as  distin- 

guished from  personal  or  movable  prop- 
erty. 

title  The  legal  right  by  which  real  estate  is 

held. 

deed  A  written  document,  signed,  witnessed,  or 

attested  before  a  notary  public,  making  a 
legal  conveyance  of  the  title  to  real  estate. 

mortgage  A  conveyance  of  real  estate  as  security  for 

the  payment  of  a  promissory  note,  to  be- 
come null  and  void  on  payment  of  the 
note. 

lien  A  legal  right  to  hold  property  until  a  claim 

upon  it  has  been  paid. 

Require  pupils  to  collect   and  define  additional  ivords 
relating  to  real  estate. 


42 


KORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


18.  Agriculture. 

The  cnltiyation  of  a  farm  ;  agriculture. 

The  cultivation  of  a  garden. 

The  cultivation  of  flowers. 

The  cultivation  of  trees  or  shrubs. 

The  cultivation  of  the  silk-worm. 

A  place  in  which  different  kinds  of  trees 

are  cultivated. 
A  greenhouse  for  the  cultivation  of  exotic 

or  tender  plants. 
A  glass-covered  house  kept  warm  for  the 

cultivation  of  exotics. 
Capable  of  cultivation  ;  tillable. 

Require  pupils  to  collect  and  define  additional  words  under 
this  head. 


farming 

horticulture 

floriculture 

arboriculture 

sericulture 

arboretum 

conservatory 

hot-house 

arable 


19.  Mechanic  Arts. 

architecture        The  art  of  planning  and  erecting  buildings. 

vestibule  The  porch  or  entrance  into  a  building. 

buttress  A  support  or  abutment  of  a  building. 

corridor  A  gallery  around  a  building. 

rotunda  A  building  that  is  round,  both  on  the  in- 

side and  outside. 

amphitheatre  An  oval  or  circular  building,  having  seats 
rising  one  above  another  all  around  the 
walls  on  the  interior. 

renaissance  A  style  of  decorative  art  freer  than  the 
antique,  but  resulting  from  the  antique. 


20.  Exercise  In  Defining. 

Define  in  your  own  tvords,  or  hy  referring  to  the  diction- 
ary, the  folloiving  groups  of  words: 


WORDS  GBOUPED  AND  DEFINED. 


43 


J.  Poetry. 

doggerel 

epic                  stanza 

rhyme 

blank  verse 

lyric                 canto 

poet 

prosody 

sonnet              couplet 

11.  Sculpture  and  fainting. 

rhymester 

picture 

statue               bust 

statuette 

drawing 

intaglio            cast 

cameo 

portrait 

model               image 

III.  Music. 

medallion 

overture 

oratorio            organist 

flageolet 

symphony 

dirge                pianist 

trombone 

serenade 

requiem            vocalist 

ophicleide 

debtor 

creditor 

solvent 


capital 
stock 


21.  Exercise  in  Defining. 

I.  Debts, 

liquidation  assets 

insolvency  surety 

bankrupt  attachment 

II.   Partnership, 

assessment  insurance 

dividend  policy 


suit 
dun 
receipt 


premium 
company 


22.  Exercise  in  Grouping  Words. 

Teachers  will  require  pupils  to  make  out  lists  of  the 
technical  words  used  in  the  various  industrial  pursuits y 
such  as  : 


1.  Agriculture. 

2.  Mining. 

3.  Commerce. 


4.  Lumbering. 

5.  Stock-raising. 

6.  Dairying. 


7.  Dressmaking. 

8.  Shoemaking. 

9.  Printing,  etc. 


u 


llfOKMAL  WOKD   BOOK. 


23.  Words  Relating  to  War. 

campaign  The  time  that  an  army  keeps  the  field 

either  in  action,  marches,  or  in  camp. 

bivouac  The  watch  of  a  whole  army  in  case  of 

danger. 

reconnaissance  An  examination  of  the  position  of  an  op- 
posing army,  for  military  operations. 

armistice  A  temporary  cessation  of  hostilities  in  time 

of  war. 

cartel  An  agreement  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners 

of  war. 

conscription  An  act  of  the  goyernment  drafting  citizens 
into  the  army. 


24.  Spelling  and  Defining. 


I.   Arms. 


ammunition 

battery 

carbine 

shell 

powder 

mortar 

breech-loader 

bullet 

cartridge 

musket 

revolver 

saber 

ordnance 

rifle 

projectile 

knapsack 

II. 

Armt/. 

militia 

division 

company 

artillery 

regulars 

brigade 

infantry 

sharp-shooters 

volunteers 

regiment 

cavalry 

barracks 

III, 

Soldier. 

dragoon 

ensign 

general 

conscript 

grenadier 

lieutenant 

marshal 

deserter 

zouave 

captain 

veteran 

picket 

artillery-man 

major 

volunteer 

scout 

Require  pupils  to  collect  25  additional  words  relating  to 
arms,  armyy  or  soldier. 


WOKDS  GROUPED  AND  DEFINED. 


45 


25.  Commercial  Terms. 


Commerce 

trade 

traflSc 

barter 

bargain 

jobbing 

speculation 

auction 


instruction 

learning 

knowledge 

teaching 

training 

schooling 

drilling 


merchant 

tradesman 

salesman 

clerk 

grocer 

broker 

peddler 

store-keeper 


house 

firm 

company 

concern 

merchandise 

goods 

wares 

commodities 


lesson 

lecture 

teacher 

instructor 

tutor 

preceptor 


26.  Education. 

school-mistress 

pedagogue 

professor 

educationist 

educator 

scholar 


school-master  pupil 

27.  Generic  Term,  Change, 


warehouse 

depot 

office 

imports 

exports. 

dry-goods 

hardware 

breadstuffs 


school 

college 

university 

academy 

seminary 

institute 

kindergarten 


mutable  Subject  to  change  ;  changeable. 

convertible         Capable  of  being  changed. 

vicissitude  Eegular  change  or    succession    from   one 

thing  to  another, 
reversal  Change  to  the  opposite, 

reversion  The  act  of  changing  back, 

transmutation    A  change  of  one  substance  into  another, 
transposition      A  change  of  position, 
migration  A  change  of  dwelling-place. 

innovation         A  change  made  by  introducing  something 

new. 
amendment        A  change  for  the  better  in  manners  or 

morals, 
reciprocity         An  equal  interchange  of  rights  or  privileges. 


46 


NOKMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


commutation 

in  statu  quo 
metempsychosis 


vacillation 

erratic 
stable 
fickle 
oscillation 


A  change  of  punishment ;    a  change  in 

rates  of  fare  ;  as,  a  commutation  ticket. 
Without  change. 
The  doctrine  of  the  change  of  the  soul  of 

man  after  death,  by  passing  into  the 

body  of  some  animal. 
The  act  of  changing  mentally  from  one 

side  to  another  ;  wavering. 
Changing  irregularly ;  wandering. 
Not  subject  to  change. 
Changeful ;  unstable  ;  inconstant. 
Act  of  moving  back  and  forth. 


28.  Writing  and  Printing, 

chirography  Handwriting. 

calligraphy  Fine  writing. 

transcript  A  written  copy. 

autograph  One's  own  handwriting. 

hieroglyphics  The  sacred  writing  of  the  priesthood  of 

Egypt. 

telegram  A  written  telegraphic  despatch. 

orthography  The  correct  writing  of  a  word, 

manuscript  Written  by  hand. 

amanuensis  One  who  writes  what  another  dictates. 

endorse  To  write  on  the  back. 

escritoire  A  writing-desk  with  drawers. 

typography  The  art  of  printing. 

bibliography  Knowledge  of  the  history  of  books. 

Require  pupils  to   collect   and  define  additional  words 
relating  to  writing  and  printing. 

29.  Generic  Term,  Name* 

nominal  Existing  only  in  name, 

noun  The  name  of  anything. 


WORDS  GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


47 


surname 

pseudonym 

nom  de  2)ktme 

anonymous 

cognomen 

misnomer 

nickname 

nameless 

nomenclature 

homonyms 


chronology 
anachronism 


antediluvian 
prehistoric 

epoch 

era 

eternal 

millennium 

contemporaneous 

procrastination 

hebdomadal 

quotidian 

ephemeral 


The  family  name. 
A  fictitious  name. 
The  assumed  name  of  a  writer. 
Without  a  name,  or  name  unknown. 
Family  name ;  surname. 
A  misapplied  name. 
A  familiar  or  an  opprobrious  name. 
Without  a  name. 
A  list  of  names. 

Words  pronounced  alike,  but  spelled  dif- 
ferently. 

30.  taeneric  Term,  Time. 

The  science  of  computing  the  dates  of 
past  events. 

An  error  in  computing  time  by  which 
events  are  misplaced  in  order  of  occur- 
rence. 

Existing  before  the  deluge. 

Existing  before  the  time  of  written  his- 
tory. 

A  point  of  time  marked  by  some  great 
event. 

A  series  of  years  reckoned  from  some 
fixed  point  of  time. 

Existing  without  beginning  or  without 
end. 

A  period  of  a  thousand  years. 

Existing  at  the  same  time. 

The  act  of  putting  oif  until  to-morrow 
or  some  future  time. 

Occurring  every  seven  days. 

Occurring  every  day. 

Existing  only  for  a  day. 


48 


KORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


longevity  Long  life  ;  old  age. 

transient  Of  short  duration. 

chronic  Lasting  a  long  time. 

evanescent  Fleeting ;  passing  away  ;  momentary. 

perpetual  Lasting  forever. 

perennial  Lasting  through  the  year  ;  perpetual. 

chronometer  A  clock  or  watch  which  keeps  exact  time. 

almanac  A  yearly  calendar. 

coeval  Of  the  same  age. 

pristine  Former  ;  belonging  to  the  earliest  time. 

quondam  Former. 

superannuated      Impaired  by  old  age  ;  worn  out. 

matutinal  Pertaining  to  the  morning. 


cable 

anchor 

grapnel 

hawser 

main-mast 

mizzen-mast 

fore-mast 

jury-mast 


carriage 
wagon 
coach 
chaise 


31.  Spelling  and  Defining.    Sea  Terms. 

binnacle 


top-sail  larboard 

shrouds  leeward 

spars  windward 

yards  helm 

canvas  wheel 

oakum  rudder 

rigging  ballast 

starboard  salvage 
square-rigged  log-book 


phaeton 

buggy 

omnibus 


car 


32.  Vehicle. 

sleigh 
sled 
truck 
dray 


compass 

fathom 

knot 

cargo 

cabin 

keel 

deck 

bulwarks 


cart 

wheel-barrow 
ambulance 
stage-coach 


33.  Words  Sometimes  Confounded. 

can'yas        Sails  ;  cloth ;  as,  the  ship  spread  all  her  canvas, 
can'vass      A  political  campaign  ;  to  examine  ;  as,  the  Presi- 
dential Canvass  ;  Canvass  the  matter  well. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


49 


cur'rants 
cur'rents 
com'pliment 
com'jAement 

con'fident 
con'fidant 

told       ) 
tolled     \ 
desert' 
dessert' 
indite' 

indict' 

man'tel 
man' tie 
sta'tionary 

sta'tionery 

prin'cipal 
prin'ciple 


Fruit ;  as,  Currants  are  red  and  sour. 

Streams ;  as,  Ocean-currents. 

Praise  ;  as,  The  compliment  was  merited. 

Full  number  ;  as.  The  ship  has  her  comple- 
ment of  men. 

Sure  ;  as,  I  was  confident  of  success. 

Trusted  friend  ;  as.  He  was  my  only  con- 
fidant at  school. 

"  They  went  and  told  the  sexton,  and  the 
sexton  tolled  the  bell." — Hood. 

Forsake  ;  as,  Never  desert  your  friends. 

Our  dessert  consisted  of  delicious  fruit. 

Compose ;  as.  Indite  a  sonnet  to  my  lady's 
eyebrow. 

To  charge ;  as.  Indict  the  criminal  for 
murder. 

The  mantel  of  Italian  marble. 

The  king's  mantle  was  of  costly  furs. 

Fixed  ;  as.  The  cars  were  stationary  for  an 
hour. 

Stationers  deal  in  stationery ;  i.  e,,  writing 
materials,  etc. 

Chief ;  as,  His  principal  ob'ject  was  money. 

Eule  of  action  ;  as,  A  principle  of  morality. 


34.  Class  Exercise. 
Distinguish  the  following  pairs  of  words,  making  a  free 
use  of  the  dictionary. 


au'ri  cle 

a  loud' 

cru'el 

cel'lar 

or  a  cle 

al  lowed 

crew  el 

sel  ler 

ac  ci  dents 

borne 

ca  ret 

can  non 

ac  ci  dence 

honr7ie 

car  at 

can  on 

al  tar 

cap'i  tal 

ce  re  al 

cou  ri  er 

al  ter 

cap  i  tol 

se  ri  al 

cur  ri  er 

50 


NOKMAL    WORD   BOOK. 


cel'e  ry 

fel'low 

or'di  nance 

serf 

sal  a  ry 

fel  loe 

ord  nance 

surf 

colonel 

flow  er 

pal  ate 

skull 

ker  nel 

flour 

pal  let 

scull 

dy  iiig 

isle 

rad  ish 

sweet 

dye  ing 

aisle 

red  dish 

suite 

eu  lo  gy 

in  ge'nious 

root 

whetli  er 

el  e  gy 

in  gen  u  ous 

route 

weath  er 

ex  tent' 

lev'y 

stat  ure 

wry 

cx'tant 

lev  ee 

stat  ue 

rye 

ge  nus 

min  er 

stake 

write 

ge  ni  us 

7ni  nor 

steak 

right 

35.  Words  Distinguished  by  Accent. 

In  the  nouns  or  adjectives  the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the 
'cerhs,  on  the  last  syllable. 


ac'cent 
ac  cent' 
ab'sent 
ah  sent' 
eon'cert 
con  cert' 
con'tract 
C071  tract' 
en'trance 
en  trayice' 
in'cense 
in  cense' 
per'mit 
per  mit' 
pr5d'uce 
pro  duce' 
prdj'ect 
pro  ject' 


Accent'    the    second    word    by  placing    the 

ac'cent  on  the  last  syllable. 
He  was  ab'sent  without  cause,  but  promised 

not  to  absent'  himself  again. 
We    must    concert'  measures   for  acting  in 

eon'cert. 
If  you  will  contract'  to  do  the  work,  I  will 

sign  the  con'tract  at  once. 
The  music  will  entrance'  you  on  your  en'trance 

into  the  hall. 
In'cense  is  perfume  exhaled  by  fire  ;  hence,  to 

incense'  means  to  inflame  or  fire  the  feelmgs. 
The  agent  will  not  permit'  you  to  enter  the 

mills  without  a  written  per'mit. 
The  farmers  send  all  the  prod'uce  which  they 

produce'  to  the  New  York  market. 
To  project'  means  to  throw  forward ;  hence, 

a  proj'ect  is  something  planned,  or  thrown 

forward  by  the  mind. 


■WORDS  GROUPED   AKD  DEFINED. 


51 


36.  Class  Exercise. 

Explain  the  difference,  and  illustrate  by  using  in  sen- 
tences. 


ab'stract 

con'vict 

fre'quent 

refuse 

ab  stracV 

con  vict' 

fre  quent' 

re  fuse' 

con 'duct 

des'ert 

im'port 

sub'ject 

con  duct' 

de  serf 

im  port' 

sub  ject' 

con 'sort 

es'cort 

im'press 

trans'port 

con  sort' 

es  corf 

im  press' 

trans  port' 

37.  Miscellaneous  Words.    Spelling  and  Defining. 


apli'o  rism 
ap'o  thegm 
au'top  sy 
a  nach'ro  nism 
am  a  teur' 

aus'pi  ces 

an'ti  dote 

an  i  mad  ver'sion 

a  poc'ry  phal 

al  lu'vi  al 

ad  ven  ti'tious 

ad  o  les'cence 

au  rif  er  ous 

ar  gen  tif  er  ous 

a  gra'ri  an  ism 

ab  0  rig'i  nes 
au  tom'a  ton 
an  i  mal'cule 


A  short,  pithy  saying. 

A  terse,  pointed  saying. 

Medical  examination  of  a  corpse. 

A  misplacing  of  events  in  order  of  time. 

One  who  studies  art,  but  not  as  a  pro- 
fession. 

Patronage ;  protection. 

A  remedy  for  poison. 

Severe  censure  or  criticism. 

Of  doubtful  authority  or  authenticity. 

Relating  to  deposits  made  by  water. 

Accidental ;  foreign  ;  casual. 

Age  between  boyhood  and  manhood. 

Bearing  or  yielding  gold. 

Bearing  or  yielding  silver. 

The  doctrine  of  the  equal  division  of 
lands  or  fields  ;  communism. 

The  primitive  inhabitants  of  a  country. 

A  self-moving  machine. 

A  little  animal  invisible  to  the  naked 
eye  ;  plural,  animal' cules. 


6^ 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


38.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

an  i  maVcu  la  Little  animals  ;  the  plural  of  animal'' 
culum.     AnimalculcB  is  incorrect. 

Ar  cli^  ol'o  gy  The  science  of  antiquities. 

ar'chives  Government  records. 

biv'ouac  An  encampment  without  tents. 

bi  tu'men  Petroleum  ;  coal-oil ;  asphaltum. 

each  in  na'tion  Loud  laughter. 

com'plai  sant  Seeking  to  please  by  manners. 

com  pla'cent  Being  self-satisfied. 

chi  me'ra  A  vain,  idle,  unreal  fancy. 

char'la  tan  A  chatterer  ;  quack  ;  humbug. 

con  nois  seur'  A  critic  of  fine  arts. 

cod'i  cil  An  addition  or  supplement  to  a  will. 

con'so  nant  Agreeing  with  ;  a  letter  sounded  with  the 
aid  of  a  vowel. 


39.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

car  niv'o  rous  Feeding  on  flesh, 

cor'ru  ga  ted  ^Yrinkled  ;  ridged  ;  furrowed, 

ca  day'er  ous  Having  the  appearance  of  a  corpse, 

cal  ca're  ous  Having  chalk  or  lime, 

con  va  les'cent  Recovering  from  sickness  ;  getting  well, 

cen  trif 'u  gal  Tending  to  fly  from  the  center, 

cen  trip'e  tal  Tending  to  fly  to  the  center, 

cha  lyb'e  ate  Lnpregnated  with  iron, 

caout'chouc  {koo'chook)  India  rubber, 

ca'per  To  skip  like  a  goat ;  to  dance, 

ce  ram'ic  Pertaining  to  pottery, 

cha  grin'  A  gnawing  of  the  mind  ;  vexation  ;  mor- 
tification, 

com'pro  mise  A  settlement  by  mutual  agreement, 

con  stel  la'tion  A  cluster  of  stars. 


WORDS   GROUPED   AND   DEFINED. 


53 


40.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

cor  us  ca'tion        A  sudden  spark  or  flash  of  light. 

cos  mog'o  ny         Theory  of  the  creation. 

co'te  rie  A  small  select  company  of  friends ;   a 

club  ;  a  social  set. 
cro  chef  Fancy  knitting  by  means  of  a  hook, 

crotch'et  A  whim  or  conceit, 

'chi  ca'ne  ry  Mean  tricks  ;  petty  wrangling, 

cur  mud'geon        (Corruption  of  corti-rnerchaiit)  a  mean, 

miserly  person, 
cyn'o  sure  Center  of  attraction  ;  the  north  star, 

di  shev'eled  Spread  loosely  and  disorderly, 

der  e  lic'tion         The  act  of  forsaking  entirely, 
dec'a  logue  The  ten  commandments, 

de  coc'tion  An  extract  made  by  boiling  or  steeping 

anything. 


de  lir'i  ons 

des'ic  ca  ted 
di  ag  no'sis 
dis  cern' 
dit'to  (do.) 
dy  nam'ic 
e  lu'ci  date 
et  y  mol'o  gy 
ex  or'bi  tant 
el  ee  mos'y  na  ry 
ex  trav'a  sate 
em  pir'ic  al 
em  pir'i  cism 


41.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Having  a  delirium  ;  wandering  in  mind ; 
insane. 

Dried  up  ;  thoroughly  dried. 

Judging  of  a  disease  by  the  symptoms. 

To  perceive  in  all  its  parts. 

The  same  thing ;  that  which  has  been  said. 

Relating  to  power  or  force. 

To  make  lucid  or  clear. 

The  true  derivation  or  origin  of  words. 

Excessive  ;  going  beyond  its  usual  limits. 

Relating  to  alms-giving  ;  charitable. 

To  let  out  of  the  proper  vessels,  as  blood. 

Founded  on  experiment  alone. 

Quackery  ;  the  practice  of  medicine  with- 
out a  regular  medical  education. 


54 


KOEMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


el'i  gi  ble 

es'pi  on  age 

eb  ul  li'tion 
e  phem'e  ral 
ef  flo  resce' 
ef  fete' 
e  lim'in  ate 
e  lix'ir 
es'cu  lent 

eu'plin  ism 
ex  u  da'tion 
fe'briie 


42.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Fit  to  be  elected  or  chosen ;   suitable ; 

desirable. 
Practice  or  employment  of  spies  ;  a  close 

watch. 
The  act  of  boiling. 
Existing  only  for  a  day ;  short-lived. 
To  blossom  out. 
Worn  out  with  age. 
To  turn  out  of  doors  ;  to  leave  out. 
The  quintessence  of  anything. 
Fit  to  be  used  for  food  by  man  ;  eatable ; 

edible. 
A  high-flown  or  stilted  expression. 
An  oozing  out  through  the  pores. 
Pertaining  to  fever. 


43.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

flag  el  la'tion  The  act  of  whipping,  flogging,  or  scourg- 
ing. 

fa  ce'tious  Witty  ;  humorous  ;  funny ;  droll. 

far'ci  cal  Eclating  to  a  farce  ;  ludicrous. 

fer'rule  A  metal  ring  on  a  staff  to  keep  it  from 

splitting. 

fer'ule  A  wooden  rule. 

fil'i  gree  Ornamental  work  of  gold  or  silver  wire. 

fis'cal  Pertaining  to  the  public  treasury  or  rev- 

enue. 

fri'a  ble  Capable  of  crumbling. 

frip'per  y  Useless  trifles. 

flum'mer  y  Anything  worthless,   light,   or  insipid ; 

nonsense. 

f iil'min  ate  To  hurl  lightning ;  to  explode. 


WORDS  GROUPED  AND   DEFINED.  55 

44.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

guer'don  A  reward  or  recompense. 

guer  ril'la  An  irregular  soldier. 

gran'ite  A  rock  composed  of  grains,  quartz,  feld- 

spar, and  mica. 

sy'e  nite  A  species  of  granite  in  which  homhlende 

takes  the  place,  of  mica. 

hy  poc'ri  sy  Feigning  to  be  what  one  is  not. 

hy'gi  ene  The  science  that  treats  of  health. 

hal  lu  ci  na'tion    A  wandering  of  the  mind  ;  delusion. 

hom'o  nym  A  word  having  the  same  seund  as  an- 

other, but  a  different  meaning. 

hy  drop'a  thy        The  treatment  of  diseases  by  cold  water. 

hy  per'bo  le  An  exaggerated  form  of  expression. 

hi  a'tus  ^  A  gap  ;  an  opening  ;  a  defect ;  a  pause. 

i  ras'ci  ble  Easily  irritated  or  provoked. 

ir  rep'a  ra  ble        Not  capable  of  being  repaired. 

45.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

ir  rev'o  ca  ble  Not  capable  of  being  revoked  or  altered, 

in  cor'ri  gi  ble  Not  capable  of  being  corrected   or  re- 
formed, 

ir  re  triev'a  ble  Not  capable  of  being  retrieved, 

in  ef'fa  ble  Not  capable  of  being  spoken, 

in  su'per  a  ble  Not  capable  of  being  overcome, 

in  de  fat'i  ga  ble  Not  capable  of  being  fatigued, 

in  scru'ta  ble  Not  capable  of  being  searched  into, 

in  noc'u  ous  Not  poisonous  ;  harmless, 

in  dig'e  nous  Native,  bom,  or  originating  in  a  country, 

in  nu  en'do  An  indirect  allusion, 

is  o  la'tion  State  of  being  alone, 

in  ter'po  late  To  insert  a  spurious  word  or  passage, 

in  ter  ne'cine  Mutually  destructive. 


56 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


id  i  o  syn'cra  sy 
id'i  om 

ig  no  ra'mus 

im  pe  cun'i  ous 
in  fin  i  tes'i  mal 
in  fu  so'ri  a 
in  yei'gle 
i  so  ther'mal 
i  tin'er  ant 
in  ex'pli  ca  ble 
lu  gu'bri  ous 
lab'y  rintli 
lit  i  ga'tion 


46.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Peculiarity  of  temperament. 

A  form  of  expression  peculiar  to  a  lan- 
guage. 

An  ignorant  person  making  a  pretence  to 
knowledge. 

Having  no  money. 

Infinitely  small. 

Microscopic  animals  in  water. 

To  entice  ;  to  delude. 

Having  an  equal  degree  of  heat. 

One  who  travels  from  place  to  place. 

Not  able  to  be  explained. 

Mournful ;  sad. 

A  place  full  of  winding  passages. 

The  act  of  carrying  on  a  lawsuit. 


ma  raud'er 
men  ag'e  rie 
mer  e  tri'cious 
mu  nic'i  pal 
mon  0  ma'ni  a 
ma  la'ri  a 

mal'con  tent 
mal'le  a  ble 
mel  lif 'lu  ous 
me  trop'o  lis 
mer'ce  na  ry 
mag  nan'i  mous 
mag  niro  quent 
me  di  o'cre 


47.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

One  who  is  in  search  of  booty  or  plunder. 
A  collection  of  foreign  or  wild  animals. 
Having  a  gaudy  appearance  ;  false. 
Pertaining  to  a  city  or  town. 
Insanity  on  one  subject. 
Bad   air ;    noxious  exhalations    causing 

fever. 
One  who  is  disaffected. 
Capable  of  being  hammered  out. 
Flowing  as  with  honey  ;  sweet-flowing. 
Chief  city  of  a  country. 
Hired  for  money  ;  selfish. 
Grreat-souled ;  noble. 
Speaking  in  a  pompous  or  bombastic  style. 
Middling,  or  moderate. 


WOEDS  GROUPED  AKD  DEFINED. 


67 


48.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

mol'e  cule  A  little  mass;  a  minute  joarticle  of  matter. 

mon'o  lith  A  shaft  of  a  single  stone. 

mo  nop'o  ly  The  sole  power  of  dealing  in  anything. 

mu  nif'i  cent         Present-giving ;  liberal ;  generous. 

my  thol'o  gy         The  science  of  myths. 

ne  crol'o  gy  A  record  of  deaths. 

nec'ro  man  cy       The  art  of  revealing  future  events  by  a 

pretended    communication    with    the 

dead, 
ne  fa'ri  ous  Wicked  in  the  extreme, 

nem'e  sis  Eetributivc  justice, 

nep'o  tism  Fondness   for    nephews ;    favoritism    to 

one's  relatives. 
non  cha  lance'        Coolness  ;  self-possession  ;  indifference, 
nu  mis  mat'ics      The  science  of  coins  and  metals. 


na  ive  te' 

nup'tial 

om  niv'c 

os'cil  late 

os'si  fy 

o  dor  if 'er  ous 

o  bes'i  ty 

ob'so  lete 

ob  so  les'cent 

oc'ci  put 

oc  cult' 

oc  to  ge  na'ri  an 

oph  thal'mi  a 

op  pro'bri  um 


49.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

l^ative  simplicity ;  artlessness. 
Pertaining  to  marriage. 
Peeding  on  all  kinds  of  food. 
To  swing  to  and  fro. 
To  change  into  bone. 
Diffusing  a  sweet  odor. 
Extreme  corpulence  or  fatness. 
Gone  out  of  use. 
Going  out  of  use. 

The  back  part  of  the  head  or  skull. 
Covered  over  ;  hidden  ;  unknown. 
One  who  is  eighty  years  old. 
Inflammation  of  the  eyes. 
Contemptuous  reproach ;  disdain. 


d8 


NOEMAL  WOED   BOOK. 


50.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

op'ti  mist  One  who  holds  that  everything  is  for  the 

best. 

or'gies  Drunken  nocturnal  revelry, 

ob  se'qui  ous  Basely  submissive  ;  cringing ;  fawning, 

os'tra  cize  To  banish  from  society, 

pres'tige  Influence  arising  from  past  conduct, 

par'a  phrase  A  loose  or  free  rendering, 

phleg  mafic  Not  easily  excited  ;  sluggish  ;  dull ;  cold, 

pan'to  mime  A  representation  by  mute  action, 

par'ri  cide  The  murder,  or  the  murderer,  of  a  parent, 

par'a  site  One  who  feeds  upon  another ;  a  hanger-on. 

pro  pi'tious  Disposed  to  be  favorable, 

pet'ri  fy  To  change  into  stone. 


pu'tre  fy 
pla'gi  a  rism 
per  tur  ba'tion 
pe  des'tri  an 
pre  di  lec'tion 
pug  na'cious 
per  ti  na'cious 

pu  sil  lan'i  mous 
ped'ant 
ped  a  go'gics 
per'i  phrase 

per  ni'cious 
per  pet'u  al 
per  spi  cu'i  ty 


51.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

To  become  rotten. 

Literary  stealing. 

Disturbance ;  confusion. 

One  who  goes  on  foot. 

A  liking  or  preference  beforehand. 

Inclined  to  fight ;  quarrelsome. 

Thoroughly  tenacious ;  holding  obsti- 
nately to  anything. 

Mean-spirited  ;  little-soul ed  ;  cowardly. 

One  who  makes  a  vain  display  of  learning. 

The  science  of  teaching. 

A  roundabout  way  of  speaking  ;  circum- 
locution. 

Killing  utterly  ;  exceedingly  destructive. 

Continuing  indefinitely ;  never-ceasing. 

State  of  being  clear ;  free  from  obscurity. 


WORDS  GROUPED  AND  DEFINED. 


59 


pes'si  mist 

par  a  pher  na'li 
pet'ti  fog  ger 
phle  bot'o  my 
pre  co'cious 
pre  da'ceous 
pre  yar'i  cate 
psy  chol'o  gy 
quer'u  lous 
quan'da  ry 
ram'i  fy 
ric  o  chef 
ra  pa'cious 


52.  Spelling  and  Defining* 

One  who  complains  of  everything  as  being 

for  the  worst, 
a  Ornaments  ;  trappings  ;  appendages. 
A  lawyer  who  practises  only  in  petty  cases. 
The  act  of  cutting  a  vein  ;  blood-letting. 
Ripe  before  the  natural  time. 
Living  by  prey. 

To  evade  the  truth  ;  to  quibble. 
The  science  of  the  mind. 
Habitually  fretful  or  complaining. 
Doubt ;  uncertainty  ;  perplexity. 
To  separate  into  branches. 
A  rebounding  or  rolling  along. 
Seizing  by  force ;    subsisting  on  prey ; 

ravenous. 


rec  i  proc'i  ty 
re  cou'nais  sance 
ra  ti  oc  in  a'tion 
re  sus'ci  tate 

re  cip'ro  cal 

rem  i  nis'cence 
ren'dez  vous 
rep  ar  tee' 
re  spond'ent 
sol'e  cism 

sub'tle  ty 
sac'cha  rine 


53.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

A  mutual  obligation,  advantage,  or  right. 

A  preliminary  survey. 

The  act  of  reasoning. 

To  bring  to  life   again  after  apparent 

death,  as  by  drowning. 
Done  by  each  to  the  other ;  given  and 

received ;  mutual. 
That  which  is  recalled  to  mind. 
An  appointed  place  of  meeting. 
A  smart,  witty,  and  ready  reply. 
One  who  responds  or  answers. 
A  gross    deviation    from  the    rules    of 

grammar. 
Acuteness ;  sharpness. 
Having  the  quality  of  sugar. 


60 


N^ORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


scin'til  late 
sar  copli'a  gus 
sym  met'ri  cal 
si  miri  tude 
syn  on'y  moiis 
soph'is  try 
su  per  cil'i  ous 
su  per  fi'cies 
su  per'flu  ous 
su  per  sede' 
sur  veil'lance 
tal'is  man 
ter  gi  ver  sa'tion 


tur'pi  tude 
tes'sel  la  ted 
tel'e  gram 
tel'e  phone 


54.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

To  emit  sparks  ;  to  sparkle. 

A  stone  coffin. 

Proportional  in  all  parts. 

Likeness  in  all  parts. 

Similar  in  meaning. 

Specious  or  fallacious  reasoning. 

Lifting  of  the  eyebrows  ;  disdainful. 

The  upper  face  or  surface. 

Overflowing  ;  more  than  enough. 

To  take  the  place  of. 

Inspection ;  watchfulness. 

Something  superstitiously  used  as  a  charm. 

A  turning  of  the  back  ;  a  subterfuge  ;  an 
unexpected  change ;  fickleness  of  con- 
duct. 

Extreme  depravity. 

Formed  in  squares  of  mosaic  work. 

A  message  sent  by  telegraph. 

An  instrument  for  conveying  sound  to  a 
distance  by  means  of  electricity. 


I>J»lRT    III. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

— »oJ«<oc 

SECTION     I.  — PREFIXES. 
I.  Teutonic  op  Anglo-Saxon  Prefixes. 

Note. — Require  pupils  to  define  every  word  given  under  the  head 
of  "  Examples,"  and  to  add  one  or  more  words  as  illustrations. 

Model. — A-shore  =  on  shore  ;  abed  =  in  bed  ;  a- wake  =  to  wake 
out  of  sleep. 


Prefix. 

Force. 

Kxamples. 

(  on,  in,  at, 
\  out  of,  from. 

a-shore 

a-bed 

a- 

a-rouse 

a-stern 

(  to  make, 

be-friend 

be-little 

be- 

<  intensive. 

be-fall 

be-moan 

(  by,  in,  over. 

be-side 

be-daub 

fore- 

leforeliand. 

fore-tell' 

fore-siglit 

for- 

from,  aivay. 

for-bid 

for-bear 

mis- 

wrong,  tvrongly. 

mis-deed 

mis-lead 

on- 

on. 

on-set 

on-slaugbt 

out- 

from,  heyond. 

out'-break 

out-do' 

over- 

above,  beyond. 

over-flow' 

over-look' 

un- 

not  (in  adj.) 
reversion  (in  v.) 

un-wise 
un-do 

un-fair 
un-twist 

under- 

beneath,  beloio. 

under-lie' 

un'der-brush 

up- 

above,  over. 

up-lift' 

up'-land 

with- 

against,  bach. 

with-draw' 

with-bold' 

62 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


2.  Blank  Book  Exercise. 

Require  each  pupil  to  collect  a  list 

(1)  Of  40  words  having  the  prefix  out-. 

(2)  Of  50  adjectives  having  un- ;  also  10  verbs, 

3.  Latin  op  Romanic  Prefixes. 


Prefix. 

Force. 

Example. 

Definition. 

a-      \ 

a-vert. 

to  turn/rom. 

ab-    V 

from, 

ab-rupt, 

broken  off. 

abs-  ) 

abs-tract', 

to  ^T2c^  from. 

ad- 

at,  to. 

ad-here'. 

to  stick  to. 

ambi- 

both,  around. 

,  ambi-ent, 

going  around. 

ante- 

before. 

ante-cedent, 

going  before. 

bis-,  bi- 

two,  twice. 

bi-sect, 

to  cut  in  two. 

circum- 

around. 

circum-spect. 

looking  around. 

con- 

together,  tvith 

\.  con-nect. 

to  join  together. 

contra- 

against. 

contra-diet. 

to  speak  against. 

de- 

down,  from, 

de-press, 

to  press  down. 

[from,  away. 

dis-pel, 

to  drive  away. 

dis- 

I  reversion  (v.) 

dis-obey. 

the  reverse  of  obey. 

(  not  (adj.) 

dis-honest. 

not  honest. 

ex- 

j  out  of,  from, 
\  beyond. 

ex-haust, 
ex-ceed. 

to  draw  out  of. 
to  go  beyond. 

en- 

to  make. 

en-act. 

to  make  an  act. 

4.  Latin  i 

[)r  Romanic  Prefixes. 

Prefix. 

Force. 

Example. 

Definition. 

extra- 

beyond. 

extra-ordinary,  beyond  ordinary. 

i-n 

into  (v.) 
not  (adj.) 

in-vade. 

to  go  into. 

m- 

in-sane. 

not  sane. 

inter- 

between. 

inter-pose. 

to  place  between. 

intro- 

loithin. 

intro-duce, 

to  lead  2vithin. 

juxta- 

near. 

juxta-position, 

near  position. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

6 

Prcllx. 

Force. 

Example. 

Deftnltion. 

non- 

not. 

non-sense, 

not  sense. 

ob- 

against. 

ob-struct, 

to  build  against. 

j  through. 
\  thoroughly 

per-vade, 

to  go  through. 

per- 

'.      per'fect. 

made  thoroughly. 

pen- 

nearly. 

pen-insula, 

nearly  an  island. 

post- 

after. 

post-pone', 

to  place  after. 

pre- 

before. 

pre-cede, 

to  go  before. 

pro- 

forth. 

pro-ceed. 

to  go  forth. 

j  back. 
\  again. 

re-vert. 

to  turn  bach. 

re- 

re-affirm. 

to  affirm  again. 

5.  Latin  Prefixes. 

Prclix. 

Force. 

Example. 

Deflnition. 

retro- 

backwards. 

retro-spect. 

a 

looking  backwards. 

se- 

aside. 

se-cede. 

to 

go  aside. 

semi- 

half. 

semi-tone. 

a  half  tone. 

sub- 

under. 

sub-scribe, 

to 

write  under. 

over, 
beyond. 

super-vise. 

to 

oversee. 

super- 

sur-pass. 

to 

go  beyond. 

trans- 

across. 

trans-gress. 

to 

step  across. 

ultra- 

beyond. 

ultra-marine. 

beyond  marine. 

vice- 

instead  of 

vice-roy, 

in 

place  of  the  king. 

63 


6.  Blank  Book  Exercise. 

I.  Write  20  words  having  the  prefix  ad- ;  20  with  con- 
II.  20  words  with  dis- ;  with  ex- ;  with  in- ;  with  re-. 
III.  10  words  with  ob-  ;  5  with  inter- ;  5  with  pro-. 


7.  Euphonic  Changes  in  Prefixes. 

Note. — The  final  consonant  of  some  prefixes  is  changed  into  the 
first  letter  of  the  root  word,  or  is  dropped ;  and,  in  words  that  have  come 
into  English  through  the  French,  the  Latin  forms  have  undergone 
material  modifications. 


64 


KOKMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


ad-  = 

con-  = 

ex-  = 

in-  = 

Ob-  = 

per-  = 
pro- 

sub- 

super- 


-  { 


r  ac  cede' 
ac  quire 

og  grieve 
col  lect 
com  mand 
ef  feet 
il  legal 
en  quire 
oc  cur' 
pol  lute' 
j»or  tend 
sue  ceed' 
5?/^  gest' 
5?/r'face 


cin  nex' 
«^^ply 
«r  range 
as  sent 
cor  rect 
co/?2  mix 
e  lude 
m  pious 
im  press 
o/'fer 
/?e/  lucid 
pur  sue' 
5z^7J  press' 
SW5  pend' 
sir  loin 


«^  tack' 
at  tain 
«?  lege 
«  gree 
CO  here 
CO  eval 
e  vade 
i>  regular 
tr  rigate 
op  pose' 
joar'don 
jowr'pose 
suf  fuse' 
swm'mon 
swr'name 


8.  Blank  Book  Exercises. 

I.  Collect  and  write  20  words  to  illustrate  any  of  the 
euphonic  changes  of  the  prefix  ad-. 

II.  20  words  to  illustrate  the  prefix  in-. 

III.  20  words  to  illustrate  con-. 


9.  Greek  Prefixes. 


Prefix. 

Force. 

examples. 

an-,  a- 

not,  without. 

an-archy 

without  rule. 

ana- 

away,  from. 

ana-t'omy, 

a  cutting  atvay. 

anti- 

against. 

anti-p'athy, 

a  feeling  against. 

amph- 

loth,  around. 

amphi-theater, 

a  double  theater. 

apo- 

from, asunder  apo-s'trophe, 

a  turning  atvag. 

cata- 

doiun. 

cata-ract, 

a  rushing  down. 

dia- 

through,  two. 

dia-m'eter, 

measure  through. 

dis-,  di- 

ttvo,  twice. 

di-ph'thong, 

two  sounds  in  one. 

dys-  (dus) 

ill,  difficult. 

dys-pepsia, 

diffictdt  digestion. 

ETYMOLOGY.  66 


Prefix.  Force.  Examples. 


en 


hypo- 
meta- 


on,  ill.  em-phasis,  stress  upon, 

epi-  upon.  epi-taph,  upon  a  tomb. 

eu-  well  eu-phonic,  sounding  well 

hyper  above,  over,  hyper-critical,  02;e /--critical. 

,  ,    .        {  that    which    is 
under.  hypo-th'esis,     |     ^■^^^i^,^„, 

i  after y  wi  i,  J  jngta-morphosis,  change  of  form. 

{    change.      ) 

i  heside,  con- )           „  ,  j  Uside    one    an- 

P"'^        {    traryto.     ( P""^"""^''  1     other. 

peri-            round,  ivith.    peri-m'eter,  measure  round. 

pro-             before.             pro-logue,  what  is  said  J<?/bre. 

syn-            together,ioith.  sjU'teix,  a> -putting  together . 

10.  Blank  Book  Work. 

1.  Collect  and  define  5  words  having  the  prefix  ant-  or 
anti-. 

2.  Define  the  word  ambidextrous. 

3.  Collect  and  define  5  words  having  the  prefix  cata-. 

4.  Five  words  having  the  prefix  meta-. 
6.  Five  words  having  the  prefix  syn-. 


SECTION    II.  — SUFFIXES. 

II.  Teutonic,  op  Anglo-Saxon  Suffixes. 
Defining  Model. — hegg-ar,  one  who  begs 

SufRx.  Force.  Examples. 

-ar  07ie  ivho.  begg-ar  li-ar 

-ard  OTie  who.  drunk-ard  slugg-ard 

j  state  of  being.  f  ree-dom  wis-dom 

I  dominion.  king-dom  earl-dom 


66 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


Suffix. 

Force. 

examples. 

'  to  mahe. 

hard-en 

fast-en 

made  of,  like. 

wood-en 

carth-en 

-en 

past  part. 

writt-en 

driv-en 

<plu7^al. 

ox-en 

ki-ne 

-ed 

past  part. 

loY-ed 

di-ed 

'one  ivlio. 

farm-er 

driv-er 

-er 

that  lohich. 

dipp-er 

ladd-er 

.  more. 

fast-er 

redd-er 

-em 

direction. 

north-ern 

west-em 

12.  Teutonic  op 

Anglo-Saxon  Suffi 

xes. 

-erly 

direction. 

east-erly 

south-erly 

-erel 

little. 

pick-erel 

mack-erel 

-el,  -le 

little. 

sach-el 

gird-le 

that  lohicli. 

shov-el 

spin-die 

-es,  -s 

plural, 
verh  suf. 

fox-es 
go-es 

hand-s 
think-s 

-est 

most. 

sadd-est 

tall-est 

-eth 

verh  siif 

think-eth 

lov-eth 

-fold 

times. 

four-fold 

ten-fold 

-feel 

full  of 

hope-ful 

health-ful 

-hood 

state  of  being. 

child-hood 

man-hood 

-ing         - 

pres.  part. 

lov-ing 

think-ing 

verbal  noun. 

read-ing 

speak-ing 

-ish 

like. 

child-ish 

fool-ish 

someiuhat. 

sweet-ish 

salt-ish 

13.  Teutonic  or 

Anglo-Saxon  Suffixes. 

-kin 

little. 

lamb-kin 

pip-kin 

-less 

'Without. 

speech-less 

thought-less 

-ling 

little. 

gos-ling 

duck-ling 

-like 

similar  to. 

god-like 

life-like 

-ly 

like. 

in  a  manner. 

man-ly 
slow-ly 

woman-ly 

quick-ly 

ETYMOLOGY. 


07 


Suffix. 

-ncss 
-ock 

-ship 

-some 

-ster 

-teen 

-th 

-ward 

-wards 

-wise 

-y 


Force. 

state  of  being, 

little. 

state  of  being, 

business, 

office. 

quality, 

one  who, 

ten. 

state  of  being, 

direction. 

direction. 

wanner, 

full  of,  having. 


Examples. 


good-ness 

hill-ock 

friend-sliip 

seaman-ship 

lord-ship 

glad-some 

game-ster 

four-teen 

wid-th 

home-ward 

back-wards 

end-wise 

ston-y 


bright-ness 

bull-ock 

liard-ship 

desk-ship 

wor-ship 

win-some 

trick-ster 

fif-teen 

weal-th 

nortli-ward 

to-wards 

length-wise 

wind-y 


14.  Blank  Book  Work. 


Require  each  pupil  to  collect  and  tvrite  out : 

20  words  having  the  suffix  -en. 

20  words  having  the  suffix  -ed. 

30  words  having  the  suffix  -er. 

10  words  having  a  suffix  meaning  little. 

40  words  having  the  suffix  -ness. 

10  words  having  the  suffix  -less. 


1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
G. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 


Al 
Al 
Al 
Al 
Al 
Al 
Al 
Al 
Al 
Al 


st  of 
st  of 
st  of 
st  of 
st  of 
st  of 
st  of 
st  of 
st  of 
st  of 


10  words  having  the  suffix  -fuL 
10  words  having  the  suffix  -y. 
10  words  having  the  suffix  -ship. 
20  words  having  the  suffix  -es. 


15.  Latin  op  Romanic  and  Greek  Suffixes. 


Suffix. 

-ate 
-ish 

-fy 

-ize(G.) 

-ise 


Force. 

to  make, 
to  make, 
to  make, 
to  make, 
to  make. 


I,    Verbs. 

E^xainples. 

regul-ate  humili-ate 


fin-ish 
simpli-fy 
legal-ize 
advert-ise 


publ-ish 
glori-fy 
equal-ize 
critic-ise 


68 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


16.  Blank  Book  Work. 

Eequire  each  pupil  to  correct  and  ivrite  out : 

1.  A  list  of  40  words  having  the  verb  suffix  -ate. 

2.  A  list  of  20  words  having  the  suffix  -fy. 

3.  A  list  of  10  words  having  the  verb  suffix  -ish. 

4.  A  list  of  20  words  having  the  suffix  -ize. 

5.  A  list  of    5  words  having  the  suffix  -ise. 


17.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 

Note. — Only  the  leading  sufl&xes  are  included  in  this  list ;  the 
remainder  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix.  Many  of  the  adjective 
suffixes  are  also  used  as  noun  suffixes.  Require  the  words  under  the 
head  of  "  Examples  "  to  be  defined  by  means  of  the  root-icard  and  the 
literal  meaning  of  the  suffix  ;  as,  eBit-able,  fit  to  be  eaten. 


Suffix. 

-able 
-ble 
-age 
-al 

-an 

-ance, 
-ancy 

-ant 
-ar 


Force. 

(  fit  to  be. 

\  capable  of  being, 
act  of,  state  of 
pertaining  to. 

j  pertaining  to. 

{one  wlio. 


Kxamples. 


eat-able 

mov-able 

till-age 

mort-al 

hum-an 

republic-an 


port-able 

sta-ble 

dot-age 

flor-al 

Eom-an 

Itali-an 


[■  date  of  being,  repent-ance       brilli-ancy 


j  belonging  to. 
\  one  ivho. 

{pertaining  to. 
one  wlio. 


triumph-ant 
attend-ant 

regul-ar 


vigil-ant 
inhabit-ant 

tubul-ar 


-ary 


18.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 

i  belonging  to.  honor-ary    ^  tempor-ary 

I  one  ivTio.  secret-ary  advers-ary 

( place  where.  avi-ary  gran-ary 


ETYMOLOGY. 

69 

Saffix. 

Force. 

r^xamp] 

68. 

-ate 

having, 
one  who. 

fortun-ate 
deleg-ate 

passion-ate 
advoc-ate 

-cy 

stale  of  being. 

bankrupt-cy 

accura-cy 

-ee 

one  to  whom. 

trust-ee 

patent-ee 

-ence 

{  act  of. 

\  state  of  being. 

refer-ence 
differ-ence 

conflii-ence 
diffid-ence 

-ency 

state  of  being. 

flu-ency 

despond-ency 

-ent 

belonging  to. 
one  tvho. 

dopend-ent 
stud-ent 

escu-lent 
presid-ent 

-ery,  -y 

place  where. 

treasnr-y 

nurs-ery 

-ess 

fern.  suf. 

lion-ess 

host-ess 

-et,  -ette 

!      little. 

buiret 

ros-ette' 

-ible 

capable  of  being. 

aud-ible 

ed-ible 

19.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 

-ic 

j  belonging  to. 
\  one  who. 

cub-ic 
crit-ic 

Roman-ic 
lunat-ic 

-ics 

science,  art. 

opt-ics 

mechan-ics 

-ical 

belo7iging  to. 

monarch-ical 

algebra-ical 

-id 

having. 

viv-id 

torr-id 

-ice 

j  state  of  being. 
\  that  which. 

coward-ice 
just-ice 

avar-ice 
not-ice 

-ile 

j  belonging  to,  like. 
\  capable  of  being. 

puer-ile 
duct-ile 

host-ile 
doc-ile 

-ine 

belonging  to. 

serpent-ine 

aquil-ine 

-ion 

act  of  state  of. 

collect-ion 

intent-ion 

-ism 

j  act  of  state  of. 
{  doctrine. 

hero-ism 
commun-ism 

patriot-ism 
catholic-ism 

-ist 

one  who. 

art-ist 

novel-ist 

-ite 

j  belonging  to. 
\  one  who. 

fin-ite 
Israel-ite 

favor-ite 
Lev-ite 

i-rra 

j  belonging  to. 
\  one  who. 

attent-ive 

nat-ive 

-ive 

capt-ive 

fugit-ive 

70 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


20.  Nouns  and  Adjectives. 


Suffix. 

-let 
-ment 

-mony 

-or,  -er 
-ier,  -eer 

-ory 

-ose,  -ous 
-tude 

-ty 

-ule 
-ure 


Force. 

little. 
j  act  of,  state  of. 
( that  which. 
j  act  of  state  of 
I  that  which, 

one  who. 

j  pertaining  to. 
\  place  ivhere. 

full  of 

state  of  heing. 

state  of  heing. 

little. 
j  state  of  leing. 
I  act  of  that  which 


Examples. 


stream-let 
judg-ment 
argii-ment 
testi-mony 
patri-mony 

igovern-or 
cash-ier 
compuls-ory 
dormit-ory 
verb- ose 
grati-tude 
anxi-ety 
glob-ule 
expos-ure 
creat-ure 


rivu-let 

state-ment 

command-meiit 

matri-mony 

ali-mony 

receiv-er 

engin-eer 

promiss-ory 

obseryat-ory 

danger-ous 

lati-tude 

stupid-ity 

nod-ule 

ten-ure 

verd-ure 


21.  Blank  Book  Work. 


Require  each  pupil  to  collect  and  write : 


1. 

A  list  of 

2. 

A  list  of 

3. 

A  list  of 

4. 

A  list  of 

5. 

A  list  of 

6. 

A  list  of 

7. 

A  list  of 

8. 

A  list  of 

9. 

A  list  of 

0. 

A  list  of 

.1. 

A  list  of 

.2. 

A  list  of 

20  adjectives  having 
20  adjectives  having 
20  nouns  having  the 
10  adjectives  having 
10  adjectives  having 
10  nouns  having  the 
10  nouns  having  the 
40  nouns  having  the 
10  nouns  having  the 
10  nouns  having  the 
20  nouns  having  the 
10  adjectives  having 


the  suffix  -able. 
the  suffix  -ible. 
suffix  -ance. 
the  suffix  -ant. 
the  suffix  -ent. 
suffix  -ant  or  -ent. 
suffix  -ess. 
suffix  -ion. 
suffix  -ist. 
suffix  -ism. 
suffix  -or. 
the  suffix  -ous. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


71 


SECTION    III.— EXERCISES    IN    DEFINING. 

Note. — The  following  exercises  will  illustrate  the  method  to  be 
pursued  in  the  study  of  words.  .  Firnt,  the  root  or  literal  meaning ; 
secondly,  the  secondary  or  synonymous  signification. 


22.  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  Prefixes. 


IVord. 

a-back, 

a-blaze, 

be-calm, 

be-come, 

be-tide, 

for-swear, 

for-give, 

fore-see, 

fore'-taste, 

mis-lay, 

mis-take, 

im-belief, 

nn-bind, 

un-bound, 

with-draw, 


Word. 

slugg-ard, 

nigg-ard, 

weav-er, 

reap-er, 

trick-ster, 

nap-kin, 

hire-ling, 

gos-ling. 


liiteral  Dcf. 

on  the  back, 

in  a  blaze, 

to  make  calm, 

to  come  to, 

to  happen  to, 

to  &wesiv  from  or  off, 

to  give  aivai/, 

to  see  before, 

taste  beforehand, 

to  lay  ivrongly, 

to  take  wrongly, 

tvant  0/ belief, 

the  reverse  of  bind, 

not  bound,' 

to  draw  from  or  hack. 


Syn.  Def. 

backwards. 

on  fire. 

to  make  still. 

to  befit. 

to  befall. 

to  deny. 

to  pardon. 

to  know  beforehand. 

anticipation. 

to  lose. 

to  err. 

disbelief. 

to  set  free. 

free. 

to  retire. 


23.  Teutonic  cp  Anglo-Saxon  Suffixes. 

Root  Def. 

one  luho  is  slow, 

one  who  scrapes  up, 

one  wJio  weaves. 

that  which  reaps, 

one  who  plays  tricks, 

a  little  cloth. 

one  tvho  is  hired,  a  servant. 

a  little  goose,  a  young  goose. 


Syn.  Def. 

an  idler, 
a  miser. 


a  machine, 
a  rogue. 


72 


KORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


"Word. 

Root  Def. 

Syn.  Dcf. 

bright-ness, 

state  of  being  bright, 

brilliance. 

owner-ship, 

state  of  being  an  o^^racr. 

possession. 

health-fill, 

full  of  health, 

wholesome. 

streng-th. 

that  which  is  strong. 

power. 

heav-en. 

that  which  is  heaved  up. 

the  sky. 

bright-en, 

to  make  bright, 

to  cheer. 

24.  Latin  or  Romanic  Prefixes. 

Note. — Require  pupils  to  ^ive  the  prejix,  the  root  or  literal  signifi- 
cation, and  the  secondary  or  synonymous  meaning. 


abs-tain. 

to  hold  from, 

to  keep  from. 

abs-cond, 

to  hide  fr 0771, 

to  run  away. 

abs-truse. 

thrust  from, 

hidden. 

ab-sorb. 

to  suck  i7i  from, 

to  take  up. 

ad-mire. 

to  luonder  at. 

to  regard  highly. 

ad-verse. 

turned  against, 

opposed  to. 

al-ly'. 

to  bind  together, 

to  unite. 

ap-peal. 

to  call  to, 

to  refer. 

ar-rive. 

to  come  to  the  banlc, 

to  reach. 

as-perse. 

to  scatter  over. 

to  slander. 

as-snage. 

to  make  sweet, 

25.  Latin  Prefixes. 

to  soften. 

circum-spect. 

looking  around, 

cautious. 

circum-vent. 

to  come  round. 

to  outwit. 

con-found. 

to  pour  together. 

to  perplex. 

con-nive, 

to  wink  together. 

to  fail  to  see. 

con-nect, 

to  knit  together, 

to  join. 

con-coct. 

to  cook  together, 

to  prepare. 

con-cur, 

to  run  together. 

to  agree. 

con'flict. 

a  dashing  together. 

a  fight. 

con-spire. 

to  breathe  together. 

to  plot. 

con-vene, 

to  come  together, 

to  meet. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Ti 

Word. 

Root  Def. 

Syn.  Def. 

cog-nate, 

horyi  together, 

of  the  same  kind. 

de-cide, 

to  cut  from, 

to  end,  to  settle. 

de-clare. 

to  make  quite  clear, 

to  assert. 

de-cry. 

to  cry  doion. 

to  blame. 

de-duct. 

to  take  from, 

to  subtract. 

dis-arm. 

to  deprive  of  arms. 

to  make  harmless. 

26.  Latin  Prefixes 

dis-belief, 

want  of  belief. 

unbelief. 

dis-contented,  not  contented. 

uneasy. 

di-late. 

to  carry  apart, 

to  widen. 

di-gress, 

to  go  aside  from. 

to  wander. 

dif-fuse, 

to  pour  apart. 

to  spread. 

dis-tant. 

standing  apart. 

remote. 

ex-cite, 

to  call  out. 

to  stir  up. 

ex-hume. 

out  of  the  ground. 

to  disinter. 

ex-pect, 

to  look  for. 

to  hope. 

ex-ult. 

to  leap  out. 

to  rejoice. 

e-ducate. 

to  lead  out. 

to  teach. 

ef-fluvium. 

aflozuing  out, 

a  smell. 

e-vent. 

a  coming  out, 

an  occurrence. 

ef-frontery. 

a  pushing  out  of  the 
forehead, 

27.  Latin  Prefixes 

>•  impudence. 

e-lect, 

to  choose  out. 

to  select  for  office. 

ec-centric. 

out  of  center, 

odd,  singular. 

em-bellish. 

to  make  beautiful. 

to  adorn. 

in-dent. 

to  put  the  teeth  into. 

to  mark. 

in-dorse, 

to  put  on  the  back. 

to  sign. 

in-fringe. 

to  break  into. 

to  yiolate. 

in-flate, 

to  blow  into, 

to  puff  up. 

im-mure. 

within  walls. 

to  shut  up. 

74 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


AVord. 

im-pede, 

in-stigate, 

in-constant, 

in-correct, 

in-dependent, 

im-politic, 

im-pugn, 

im-plicate. 


Root  Def. 

to  put  the  feet  into, 
to  prich  on, 
not  standing  together, 
not  straight  together, 


Syn.  Def. 

to  hinder, 
to  set  on. 
changeable, 
wrong. 


not  hanging  upon  others,  free,  bold. 

not  politic,  imprudent. 

to  fight  against,  to  call  in  question. 

to  fold  into,  to  involve. 


im-pudent, 

inter-cept, 

inter-dict, 

inter-sect, 

inter-rupt, 

inter-rogate, 

ob-viate, 

oc-casion, 

ob-stacle, 

ob-vious, 

op-pose, 

op-po'nent, 

per-secute, 

per-ceive, 

per-ennial, 

per-manent, 


per-plex, 

post-erity, 

pre-destine, 

pre-fer, 

pre-sent, 


28.  Latin  Prefixes. 

lacking  shame, 

to  take  between, 

to  speak  between, 

to  cut  between, 

to  break  in  between, 

to  ask  betiveen, 

to  meet  i7i  the  ivay, 

that  which  falls  against, 

that  which  stands  in  the  way, 

meeting  in  the  luay, 

to  place  against, 

one  luho  opposes, 

to  pursue  thoroughly, 

to  take  thoroughly, 

through  the  year, 

remaining  through, 

29.  Latin  Prefixes. 

to  interweave  thoroughly, 
those  coming  after, 
to  destine  beforehand, 
to  take  before, 
to  set  before, 


brazen-faced. 

to  stop  by  the  way. 

to  forbid. 

to  divide. 

to  stop. 

to  question. 

to  remove. 

opportunity. 

impediment. 

evident. 

to  resist. 

an  adversary. 

to  harass. 

to  understand. 

perpetual. 

lasting. 


to  puzzle, 
descendants, 
to  preordain, 
to  select. 
to  offer. 


Word. 

ETYMOLOGY. 
Root  Def. 

Syn.  Def. 

pre-text, 

tvoven  before. 

a  pretence. 

pre-vious, 

on  the  way  before, 

former. 

pre-posterous, 

the  back  in  front, 

absurd. 

pro-claim. 

to  call  forth, 

to  announce. 

pro-fuse. 

jjouring  forth. 

extravagant. 

pro-ject. 

to  throw  forward. 

to  plan. 

pur-pose. 

to  set  forth, 

to  propose. 

pur-sue, 

to  folloio  onivards. 

to  chase. 

re-deem. 

to  buy  back. 

to  ransom. 

re-flcct. 

to  bend  back, 

to  think  over. 

re-lapse. 

to  slip  back, 

to  fall. 

re-side. 

to  sit  back. 

to  dwell. 

re-vcal, 

to  put  back  the  veil, 

to  disclose. 

re-trieve. 

to  find  again, 

30.  Latin  Prefixes. 

to  recover. 

retro-grade, 

to^step  backwards. 

to  become  worse. 

se-clude. 

to  shut  apart. 

to  keep  apart. 

88-crete, 

to  put  aside. 

to  conceal. 

sub-vert, 

to  turn  from  beneath. 

to  overthrow. 

sub-jugate, 

to  put  under  the  yoke, 

to  enslave. 

sug-gest, 

to  carry  up. 

to  hint. 

sup-plant. 

to  trip  up  on^s  heels. 

to  undermine. 

sus-pect. 

to  look  under. 

to  mistrust. 

sus-pend. 

to  hang  beneath. 

to  delay. 

super-sede. 

to  set  above. 

to  displace. 

super-fluous. 

flowing  over, 

abundant. 

sur-vey, 

to  look  over, 

to  inspect. 

sur-vive. 

to  live  beyond, 

31.  Latin  Prefixes. 

to  outlive. 

tran-scilbe, 

to  write  over  again, 

to  copy. 

trans-late, 

to  carry  across, 

to  interpret. 

75 


76 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


Word. 

tran-spire, 

tran-scend, 

trans-verse, 

trans-fer, 

trans-ient, 


Root  Def. 

to  breathe  through, 
to  climb  beyondf 
turned  across, 
to  carry  over, 
going  across, 


Syn.  Def, 

to  become  known, 
to  excel. 

to  transport, 
passing. 


32.  Defining  Lesson.    Greek  Prefixes. 


a  byss', 

ivithout  bottom, 

a  deep  pit. 

an'  ar  cliy, 

without  rule, 

confusion. 

a  mor'plious, 

without  form, 

shapeless. 

a  non'y  mous, 

tuithout  signature, 

nameless. 

am  big'u  ous, 

driving  tivo  ways, 

equivocal. 

a  nal'y  sis, 

a  loosening  away. 

separation. 

a  nat'o  my, 

a  cutting  up, 

dissection. 

an  tith'e  sis. 

a  placing  against. 

contrast. 

a  pol'o  gy. 

a  speaking  out  of. 

•  an  excuse. 

cat'a  logue, 

a  counting  down. 

a  list. 

. 

j  from  comer  to 
(          corner. 

di  ag'o  nal. 

through  the  angle. 

en'er  gy, 

inherent  power  for  work^ 

>     vigor. 

ep  i  dem'ic. 

among  the  people. 

contagious. 

e  clipse. 

a  leaving  out, 

darkness. 

e  clip  tic, 

the  line  on  which  eclipses  take  place. 

hy  per'bo  le, 

a  throwing  beyond, 

exaggeration. 

hy  potli'e  cate. 

to  place  under. 

to  mortgage, 
mental  philoso- 
phy. 

met  a  pliys'ics, 

after  physics. 

par'a  dox. 

against  opinion, 

(  apparent     con- 
I      tradiction. 

per  i  cra'ni  um^ 

,  around  the  skull. 

the  membrane. 

syn  op'sis. 

a  seeing  together, 

a  summing  up. 

sym'me  try. 

measurement  loith, 

proportion. 

ETYMOLOGY. 


77 


33.  Dictionary  Lesson. 
Define  the  following  words  : 
an'te  date  di'a  gram 

a  pos'tro  phe  en  thu'si  ast 

a  phel'ion 


cat'a  combs 


en  CO  mi  um 
em  po'ri  um 


ep  i  der'mis 
liy  pot'e  nuse 
par'a  digm 
pa  ral'y  sis 


34.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 


Note. — Require  each  pupil  to  select  and  define,  orally,  one  addi- 
tional word  under  each  sufl&x. 


ar'able 

dnr'able 

li'able 

respect'able 

leg'ible 

flex'ible 

mar'ri-age 

cart'age 

car'ri-age 

fo'li-age 

her'it-age 

gramma'ri-an 

Itali-an 

friig-al 

diurn'al 

contriv-ance 


main'ten-ance 

sus'ten-ance 

vig'il-ant 

exult'ant 


Fit  to  he  ploughed  ;  tillable. 
Capable  of  lasting  ;  enduring. 
Capable  of  being  bound  ;  responsible  ;  sub- 
ject to. 
Worthy  to  be  respected. 
Capable  of  being  read  ;  distinct ;  clear. 
Capable  of  being  bent ;  pliant. 
Act  of  or  state  of  being  married. 
The  act  or  cost  of  carting  or  carrying. 
Act  of  carrying  ;  vehicle. 
A  collection  of  leaves. 
That  lohicli  is  inherited. 
One  tvho  is  versed  in  grammar. 
Pertaining  to  Italy ;  a  native  of  Italy. 
Belonging  to  fruit ;  thrifty  ;  temperate. 
Pertaining  to  a  day  ;  daily. 
Act  of  contriving  ;  invention  ;  plan. 

35.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

Act  of  maintaining  or  supporting. 
TJiat  which  sustains  ;  provisions. 
Keeping  watch ;  watchful. 
Ilavitig  exultation  ;  exulting  ;  triumphant. 


78 


NOKMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


complain'ant 

con'fid-ant 

an'nul-ar 

regul-ar 

plen-ary 

milit-ary 

statu-ary 

api-ary 

incen'di-ary 

leg'is-late 

del'eg-ate 

fortun-ate 

delica-cy 

refer-ee 


mortgag-ee 

conflu-ence 

refer-ence 

confer-ence 

ferv-ent 

ag-ent 

resid-ent 

rust-ic 

arct-ic 

etli-ics 

mathemat-ics 
opt-ics 
orthograph-ical 


yiv-id 
vir-ile 


Ojie  who  brings  a  suit  in  law. 

One  tvJio  is  confided  in,  or  trusted. 

Having  the  form  of  a  ring  ;  ring-like. 

According  to  rule  ;  orderly. 

Having  full  powers. 

Pertaining  to  soldiers  ;  warlike. 

A  collectio7i  of  statues. 

A  place  luhere  bees  are  kept. 

One  ivho  sets  fire  to  property. 

To  mahe  laws. 

Oyie  who  is  sent  by  others. 

Having  good  fortune  ;  lucky. 

State  of  heing  delicate. 

One  to  whom  something  is  referred. 

36.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

One  to  whom  a  mortgage  is  given. 

State  of  flowing  together. 

Act  0/ referring.' 

Act  of  conferring ;  meeting. 

Having  fervor  ;  boiling ;  warm. 

One  tvho  does  something. 

07ie  who  resides  in  a  place. 

Belonging  to  the  country  ;  a  countryman. 

Relating  to  the  constellation  of  the  Great 

Bear;  northern. 
The  doctrines  of  morality. 
The  scieyice  of  quantity. 
The  science  of  vision  or  light. 
Pertaining  to  correct  spelling. 

37.  Latin  and  Greeic  Suffixes. 

Having  life ;  lifelike. 

Pertaining  to  a  man  ;  strong  ;  manly. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


79 


feb-rile  Pertaining  to  a  fever, 

doc-ile  Capable  of  being  taught ;  teachable, 

can-ine  Pertaining  to  dogs, 

fel-ine  Pertaimrig  to  cats, 

mascul-ine  Pertaining  to  the  male  sex. 

femin-ine  Pertaining  to  the  female  sex. 

probat-ion  Act  of  proving  ;  trial. 

suspic-ion  Act  of  looking  under  ;  mistrust, 

cynic-ism  State  of  being  like  a  cynic,  or  dog ;  snarling, 

critic-ism  TJie  act  of  criticising,  or  judging, 

athe-ist  One  who  does  not  believe  in  God. 

favor-ite  One  who  or  that  tuhich  is  favored, 

persuas-ive  Having  the  power  to  persuade. 


38.  Latin  and  Greek  Suffixes. 

nat-ive  One  who  is  born  in  a  place  ;  from  or  by 

birth. 

adject-ive  That  which  is  joined  to  a  noun. 

narrat-ive  That  which  is  narrated  or  told  ;  story. 

util-ize  To  nmhe  useful. 

vital-ize  To  make  vital,  or  full  of  life. 

testi-mony  TJiat  which  is  testified  ;  proof. 

ali-mony  TJiat  which  is  allowed  for  food,  or  for  sup- 

port. 

legislat-or  One  ivho  makes  laws. 

laborat-ory  Place  where  chemists  work. 

dormit-ory  Place  for  sleeping. 

dubi-ous  Having  doubt ;  doubtful. 

coma-tose  Having  a  deep  sleep  ;  drowsy. 

forti-tude  Quality  of  being  strong ;  power  of  endur- 

ing pain. 

legislat-ure  The  body  luhich  makes  laws. 

literat-ure  The  science  of  letters. 


80 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


SECTION    IV.— ROOTS    AND    COMPOUNDS, 


I.    TEUTONIC    OR    ANGLO-SAXON    WORDS. 


39.  Teutonic  Roots. 
The  suffix  -an  in  the  root-verbs  denotes  the  present  mfinitive. 


Boot. 

Force. 

Derivatives. 

bugan 

to  bend. 

bough 

bight 

bow 

buan 

to  till 

boor 

boorish 

neighbor 

cunnan 

to  hnoiu. 

ken 

cunning 

ceapian 

to  luy. 

cheapen 

chaffer 

cheapness 

cleofan 

to  sjjlit. 

cleave 

cleft 

cleaver 

cim 

race. 

kin 

kind 

kindred 

cnjrtan 

to  tie. 

knit 

knot 

deman 

to  judge. 

deem 

doomsday 

■  freedom 

dragan 

to  pull. 

drag 

draw 

drudge 

faran 

to  go. 

fare 
farewell 

ford 
Avelfare 

ferry 
thoroughfare 

fion 

to  hate. 

fiend 

foe 

fliogan 

to  fly,  oxflee 

.  fleet 

flit 

flag 

frean 

to  love. 

friend 

freedom 

frohc 

grafan 

to  dig. 

grave 

groove 

graft 

gyrdan 

to  hind. 

girdle 

girth 

habban 

to  liold. 

have 

haft 

happy 

halig 

whole,  holy. 

heal 

hail 

hallow 

healdon 

to  hold. 

hilt 

halter 

halt 

slagan 

to  kill. 

slay 

slaughter 

sledge 

steoran 

to  guide. 

steer 

stern 

starboard 

stede 

place. 

homestead 

bedstead 

stead 

sceran 

to  cut. 

scar 

share 

shear 

screopan 

to  nib. 

scrape 

scrap 

scraper 

stician 

to  make  fast. 

stick 

stake 

stock 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Root. 

Force. 

DerivatiTes. 

teogan 

to  pull. 

tug 

tight 

tough 

thirlian 

to  bore,  drill. 

thrill 

thrall 

wendan 

to  (JO. 

went 

wend 

wander 

witan 

to  knoiu. 

to  wit 

wise 

wizard 

writhan 

to  tivist. 

writhe 

wreath 

wrath 

wefan 

to  weave. 

web 

wife 

woof 

81 


40.  Anglo-Saxon  Compounds. 

The  following  compounds  illustrate  the  formation  of 
English  words  from  Teutonic  words. 

I. 


answer 

zr: 

and-swarian, 

to  speak  against. 

acorn 

= 

aeC'Cern. 

oak-corn,  or  kernel. 

barn 

= 

here-ern. 

barley  house. 

brimstone 

=1: 

hryne-stone. 

burn-stone. 

bridegroom 

=: 

bryd-guma. 

bride-man. 

daisy 

= 

daeges-aege, 

day's  eye. 

fulsome 

zzz 

fulsome, 

foul-somp 

gospel 

= 

god-spell, 

good-story. 

gooseberry 

= 

gorse-berry. 

rough-berry. 

husband 

= 

hus-boda, 

house-master. 

homestead 

= 

home'Stede, 

home-place. 

icicle 

^ 

11. 

ises-gicel, 

ice- jag,  or  cone. 

neighbor 

z= 

neah-bur, 

nigh-dweller,  or  boor. 

righteous 

= 

riht'ivys, 

right  wise. 

step-child 

= 

sfeop-cild, 

bereaved  child. 

stirrup 

= 

stige-rap, 

climbing  rope. 

walnut 

= 

tueahl-hnut, 

foreign  nut. 

wiseacre 

= 

welse-sagaUf 

a  wise  sayer. 

82 


KOKMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


Sunday- 
Monday 
Tuesday 
Wednesday 
Thursday 
Friday 


8unnes-daegy 
Monan-daegy 
Tuies-daegy 
Wodnes-daeg , 


Sun's  day. 
Moon's  day. 
Tuisco's  day. 
Woden's  day, 


=     TJmnres-daeg,       Thor's  day. 
=     Frige-daeg,  Fria's  day. 


41.  Word  Exercise. 

1.  Make  out  a  list  of  the  compounds  formed  with  man; 
with  self;  with  sea. 

2.  Make  a  list  of  the  compounds  of  house ;  of  home ; 
of  school. 

3.  Form  as  many  compounds  as  possible  with  steam ; 
all;  white;  hand;  head;  horse. 


42.  English  Compounds  of  Teutonic  Origin. 

Note. — The  following  lists  of  compound  words  sliow  liow  largely 
the  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  words  enter  into  the  vocabulary  of 
English  speech.  These  compounds  are  written  and  printed  without 
a  hyphen. 


back'bone 
back  slide 
back  bite 
back  ground 
back  side 
bare  foot 
bed  stead 
bed  side 
bed  room 
birth  day 
birth  right 
black  bird 


black'smith 
black  board 
black  leg 
block  head 
blood  shed 
blind  fold 
boat  swain 
bond  man 
bow  sprit 
bow  string 
bird's  nest 
brake  man 


break'fast 
bread  stuffs 
break  down 
broad  sword 
broad  cast 
brow  beat 
broom  stick 
brides  maid 
bride  groom 
brow  beat 
brim  stone 
buck  wheat 


cling'stone 
corn  field 
cow  hide 
day  break 
dead  head 
dooms  day 
down  right 
down  fall 
drum  stick 
draw  back 
draughts  man 
dum  found 


ETYMOLOGY. 

43.  English  Compounds. 

eaves'drop 

freed'man 

ground'work 

hearth'stono 

earth  quake 

free  hold 

grey  hound 

helms  man 

eye  brow 

free  stone 

hail  stone 

hear  say 

eye  lash 

fur  long 

hand  cuff 

help  meet 

eye  lid 

god  son 

hand  maid 

hence  forth' 

eye  sight 

god  send 

hang  man 

here  in' 

foot  fall 

gos  pel 

hard  ware 

here  with' 

foot  hold 

gos  sip 

head  land 

hind  most 

foot  path 

gold  smith 

head  long 

home  spun 

foot  man 

green  house 

heads  man 

home  stead 

foot  step 

green  stone 

head  stone 

home  sick 

foot  stool 

green  wood 

head  stall 

horse  back 

fort  night 

green  sward 

head  strong 

horse  man 

fare  well 

grind  stone 

head  wind 

horse  shoe 

free  man 

grooms  man 

head  w^ork 

horse  whip 

44.  EnglisI 

li  Compounds. 

house'hold 

land'mark 

mid'rib 

noth'ing 

house  wife 

lands  man 

mid  ships 

noon  day 

high  land 

land  lord 

mid  land 

noon  tide 

hedge  hog 

land  slide 

milk  man 

num  skull 

hogs  head 

land  scape 

milk  sop 

out  break 

hood  wink 

life  long 

milk  weed 

out  bid' 

haw  thorn 

live  long 

mil  dew 

out  cast 

ice  berg 

lock  smith 

moon  beam 

out  come 

is  land 

log  wood 

moon  shine 

out  crop 

jaw  bone 

low  land 

moon  light 

out  cry 

keep  sake 

lime  stone 

moon  struck 

out  let 

kins  man 

lukc  warm 

neigh  bor 

out  set 

king  craft 

man  kind' 

night  fall 

out  growth 

kins  folk 

marks  man 

night  marc 

out  lay 

knap  sack 

mid  night 

night  shade 

out  look 

83 


m 


KORMAL  WOED   BOOK. 


45.  English.  Compounds. 


oat'meal 
oars  man 
patch  work 
play  thing 
plough  share 
plow  share 
quick  sand 
quick  lime 
quick  step 
red  wood 
road  stead 
sand  stone 
scare  crow 
scarf  skin 
sea  man 


seeds'man 
sheep  fold 
shep  herd 
sheep  skin 
ship  board 
ship  mate 
ship  wreck 
ship  Wright 
skin  flint 
sky  light 
sky  lark 
slip  shod 
snow  drop 
snow  ball 
steel  yards 


spokes 'man 
steam  boat 
steam  ship 
stead  fast 
sweet  meats 
sweet  heart 
swords  man 
sun  rise 
sun  set 
sun  shine 
sun  stroke 
sun  light 
sun  beam 
tell  tale 
thread  bare 


there  by' 
there  of 
there  with' 
to-^Tis  folk 
towns  man 
toad  stool 
tip  toe 
work  man 
work  shop 
wed  lock 
wood  bine 
wood  land 
wood  man 
work  folks 
wel  fare. 


46.  English  Compounds. 


wind'fall 
witch  craft 
Avheel  Wright 
whirl  pool 
whirl  wind 
white  wash 
whet  stone 
ware  house 
wrist  band 
an'y  thing 
an'y  body 
after  noon 
after  thought 
be  fore  hand 
be  hind  hand 


bus'y  body 
bar'ley  corn 
bed'fel  low 
ev'e  ry  bo  dy 
ev  e  ry  thing 
ev  e  ry  where 
ev  er  green 
fore  hand'ed 
fool  hard  y 
goose  ber  ry 
hon  ey  moon 
hus  band  man 
house  keep  er 
hon  ey  suck  le 
land  hold  er 


land'la  dy 
man  slaugh  ter 
now  a  days 
nev  er  the  less 
there  a  bout' 
there  after 
thence  for  ward 
weath'er  wise 
where  with  al' 
where'a  bouts 
where  up  on' 
where  so  ev  er 
who  ev  er 
which  ev  er 
whom  so  ever 


ETYMOLOGY. 


85 


47.  Hyphenized  Teutonic  Compounds. 

Note. — The  following  corapoond  words  are  generally  written  and 
printed  with  a  hyphen,  though  there  is  a  tendency  to  fuse  many  of 
them  into  one  word,  omitting  the  hyphen. 


bird's-cyo 

day-book 

dry-goods 

good-day 

blood-hound 

dead-light 

dog-days 

grave-stone 

book-mark 

dead-weight 

ear-drop 

grave-yard 

book-shelf 

dear-bought 

fast-day 

gi'ound-nut 

bulk-head 

death-bed 

first-born 

hair-breadth 

by-gone 

death's-head 

fish-hook 

half-blood 

by-word 

death-knell 

flag-staff 

half-breed 

cheek-bone 

death-stroke 

fly-leaf 

half-moon 

club-foot 

death-blow 

fly-wheel 

hand-book 

club-room 

door-stone 

full-moon 

hand-breadth 

corn-bread 

door-sill 

gold-dust 

hard-fought 

corn-stalk 

door-nail 

gold-leaf 

hang-dog 

cut-off 

door-way 

gold-fish 

head-first 

cut-throat 

drift-wood 

good-by 

head-stone 

day-dream 

dray-horse 

good-night 

head-gear 

i 

(8.  Hyphenized 

English  Compounds. 

head-wind 

heart's-eas3 

life-like 

nest-egg 

hearth-stone 

horse-block 

loop-hole 

rough-shod 

heart-sick 

horse-laugh 

love-lorn 

rough  hew 

heart's-blood 

horse-flesh 

love-knot 

sea-shore 

herd's-grass 

house-maid 

love-sick 

sea-breeze 

high-born 

house-dog 

milk-tooth 

sea-sick 

high-flown 

house-room 

milk-pan 

sea-girt 

high-strung 

house-top 

milk-pail 

sea-room 

home-made 

knee-pan 

milk-white 

sea-king 

home-brewed 

life-boat 

night-gown 

sea-fight 

home-like 

life-blood 

night-sweat 

sea-shell 

86 


NORMAL  WOKD   BOOK. 


shell-fish, 
skim-milk 
small-pox 
snow-plough 


snow-shoe 
snow-white 
snow-bird 
snow-drift 


snow-flake 
snow-storm 
spruce-beer 
steam- tug 


stone-wall 
stone-ware 
stone-work 
stone's-throw 


49.  Hyphenized  English  Compounds. 


sweep-stakes 

sweet-fern 

sword-fish 

town- house 

true-blue 

twin-born 

wash-house 

wash-tub 

well-spent 

well-sweep 

wood-house 

wood-work 

word-book 

work-house 

work-box 


half-wit'ted 

hard-fist'ed 

hard-heart'ed 

heav'en-born 

har'vest-moon 

short-sight'ed 

short-com'ings 

short-breathed' 

wa'ter-wheel 

wa'ter-spout 

wa'ter-works 

wa'ter-mark 

whif'fle-tree 

win'dow-blind 

thor'ough-bred 


step'-fa  ther 

step'-moth  er 

step'-son 

step'-daugh  ter 

step'-child 

half-broth  er 

half-sis  ter 

moth'er-in-law 

father-in-law 

brother-in-law 

sister-in-law 

son-in-law 

daughter-in-law 

out-of-door 

man-of-war 


SECTION    v.— LATIN    ROOTS. 

I.    VERBS. 

Note. — The  present  infinitive  of  the  verb  is  put  in  black  letter; 
the  supine,  in  common  type,  and  the  signification  in  italics. 

Teachers  should  first  require  pupils  to  give,  orally,  the  prefix  or 
suflBLx,  with  its  force ;  then  the  root,  with  its  force  ;  next,  the  literal 
or  root  definition ;  and  finally,  the  secondary  meaning,  or  current 
signification.     Afterwards,  the  exercises  may  be  written. 

Pupils  should  be  encouraged  to  make  a  free  use  of  the  Unabridged 
School  Dictionary.  An  Alphabetical  Reference  List  of  Prefixes  and 
Suffixes  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix. 


ETYMOLOGY.  87 

50.  Models  for  Preliminary  Oral  Exercises. 

1.  Discretion. 

The  prefix  dis-=from;  the  suffix  -ion  =  act  of;  the 
root  cret  comes  from  cj-etum,  the  supine  of  cer'ne-re,  mean- 
ing fo  sift  J  to  separate. 

Dis-cret-ion  =  the  act  of  sifting  from  ;  hence,  cautious 
judgment, 

2.  Concurrence. 

con  =  ivithf  or  together ;  -ence  =  act  or  condition  of; 
'Curr-  comes  from  cur' r ere  =  to  run. 

Definition. — The  act  of  running  together  ;  hence,  agree- 
ment. 

3.  Circumvent. 

circum  :=  around ;  the  root  vent  comes  from  ventum,  the 
supine  of  veni're  =  to  come.' 

Def. — To  come  round;  hence,  to  outioit,  to  deceive. 

4.  Profusion. 

pro-  =  forth ;  -ion  =  state  of;  root  fus  comes  from 
fusum,  the  supine  oifun'dere,  to  pour. 

Def. — The  state  of  being  poured  forth;  hence,  great 
abundance. 

5.  Irrepressible. 

ir-  from  in  =  not ;  re-  =  back  or  down  ;  -ible  =  capable 
of  being ;  press,  the  root,  comes  from  pressum,  the  supine 
of  prem'erCf  to  press. 

Def. — N^ot  capable  of  being  pressed  doivn  or  back. 

6.  Incision. 

in-  =  into  ;  -ion  =  act  of;  cis,  the  root,  is  from  cced'ere, 
to  cut.     Def. — The  act  of  cutting  into. 

7.  Kecreation. 

re-  =  again  ;  -ion  =  act  of;  crea're  =  to  create.  Liter- 
ally, the  act  of  creating  again  ;  hence,  recreation  is  applied 
to  amusements  that  renew  our  strength. 


S8 


I^ORMAL   WORD  BOOK. 


51.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

a'gere           ] 

=  to  do 

act-or 

en-SLct 

actum            ! 

Sbg-enf 

act-ion 

re-act 

audi're 

—  to  hear 

audit-or 

audit-ory 

audi'tum 

iiud-ible 

audi-ence 

in-aud-ible 

auge're         i 

=  to  hi  crease 

auth-or 

avL-tumn 

auc'tum        i 

siug-?nent 

auct-ion 

auxili-ary 

cad'ere         j 

=  to  fall 

de-csid-ence 

eas-cade 

ca'sum          ) 

cad-ence 

oc-csiS'ion 

casn-al 

cred'ere 

=  to  believe 

credul-it^/ 

in-CYcd-ible 

cred'itum 

cved-ence 

credul-o?^s 

CYedeiit-ials 

csed'ere 

_  to  cut 

de-cide' 

in-cis-ive 

cas'sum 

'  ~  to  hill 

de-cis-io7i 

homi-cide 

52.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

cap'ere 

=  to  tahe 

capt-m 

ex-ceipt-ion 

captum 

capt-or 

capt-wre 

ac-ce^t-able 

ced'ere 

=  to  go 

se-cede 

suc-cess-ion 

cessum 

pre-cede 

con-cede 

ac-cess-ible 

cer'nere        i 

=  to  sift 

dis-eret-ion 

con-ccYU. 

cretum          J 

dis-cern 

se-cret-ion 

ex-CYete 

clama're 

^  =  to  call 

ac-elnmat'ion 

6?e-claim 

clama'tum 

clam-or 

pro-clameit-ion 

re-claim 

clau'dere      j 

=  to  shut 

in-clns-ive 

se-clud-ed 

clausum        i 

pre-clude 

ex-c\us-ion 

i7i-c\os-ure 

cres'cere       j 

=  to  grow 

ciesc-ent 

in-CYcase 

cretum          1 

r/e-crease 

con-cret-ion 

ac-CYue 

53.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

cur'rere        ) 

=:  to  run 

cviTY-ency 

cuYs-ory 

cursum         ) 

cvLYY-ent 

con-cuYT-ence 

couY-ier 

di'cere           ) 

=  to  speah 

cojitra-dict 

j?3re-dict 

dictum          i 

diet-ate 

inier-dict 

c-dict 

ETYMOLOGY. 

Derivatives. 

to  give 

ad-^\i-ion 

e-dit-ion 

dat-flj 

con-^\i4on 

e-dit-or 

to  lead 

e-(\\\(z-ate 

re-duce 

c?e-duct 

in-^uct-ion 

con-dnce 

to  mahe 

iaci-ory 

in-iGci-ious 

fact-or 

per-tect 

ef-tect-ive 

to  pour 

con-fuS'lon 

dif-ins-ive 

to  melt 

in-fus4ble 

in-tvis-ing 

54.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

to  hear 

of-fev 

trafis-ter 

to  carry 

col-Vdte 

pro-^er 

to  flow 

tVi'flux 

af-M-ence 

^\x-ent 

e/'flux 

co7i-M-e7ice 

to  bend 

^e-flect 

rc-flect 

^ex-ible 

i7i-^ect-ioti 

circum-^ex 

to  break 

tract-io7i 

re-trsLct 

tvag-ment 

trag-ile 

iji-lrmge 

to  step 

de-grside 

di-gress-ion 

e-gress 

gradu-ate 

traiis-gresa 

to  have 

abil-% 

^m-able 

able 

^i5-able 

in-ahil-ity 

to  throio 

e-ject 

de-ject-io7i 

m-ject 

pro-ject 

ob-ject-io7i 

to  join 

co7i-junct-ion 

sub-^oin 

]\mci-ion 

dis-jnnct-ive 

«fl?-junct 

55.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

to  sioear 

jur-y 

cow- jure 

jur-or 

ab'^iire 

ad-jiire 

to  read 

\eg-ible 

c-lect' 

to  gather 

col-lect 

se-\ect-ion 

89 


90 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

leva're          ] 

_  —  to  raise 

lev-e? 

e-levat-iow 

leva'tum       1 

le^Y-en 

loY-er 

lev-y 

liga're 

=  to  bind 

ob-lige 

ligsi-ment 

ligatum         '. 

ob'lig-ate 

al-Wance 

ligat-ure 

lo'qui 

=  to  speak 

col-\oQ[ui-al 

loquaci-otis 

locu'tus 

e-loqu-ewce 

loquac-?Yy 

soU-loquj 

mit'tere        ] 

=  to  send 

re-miss-^o?^ 

re-mitt-ance 

missiim         ' 

miss-iV6 

dis-m.\?>^-al 

inter-miii-ent 

move're        j 

_  r=  to  move 

Tn.6b-ilG 

re-moY-al 

mo'tum        ! 

mot-ion 

mom-ent 

e-mot-ion 

56.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


muta're 

==  to  cha7ige 

im-mut-able 

trans-mwte 

muta'tum 

mviidJi-ion 

com-mntsit-ion  7;er-mntat-io?i 

nas'ci         ] 

=  tobe  born 

nu.t-ion 

nas-cent 

na'tus        1 

Yi^i-ive 

nat-al 

^co-g-nate 

nec'tere     ] 

=  to  bind 

an-nex-ation 

con-nect-ion 

nexum       J 

an-nex 

con-nect 

.  dis-co  7i-nect-ive 

nos'cere 

=  to  knoiu 

notoii-OKs 

*recog-mze 

notum 

noi-ion 

notice-able 

*recog-mt-ion 

ora're        j 

=  to  speah 

omt-ion 

ad-ove 

ora'tum      ! 

orat-or 

ova-cle 

ad-oY-able 

ori'ri         j 

=  to  rise 

ovi-gin 

ori-ghi-al 

ortus          ) 

ori-eht 

ovi-ent-al 

oii-gin-ate 

pan'dere    ] 

=  to  spread 

e3;-panse 

corn-pass 

pansum      ! 

eic-pand 

ex-^im-sion 

s^ir-pass 

para're      j 

=  to  make  ready  jore-pare 

re-pair 

para'tum   ! 

ipar-ade 

co;?z-pare 

se-ipsiY-ate 

periere      j 

=  to  drive 

ex-^\\\^-ion 

re-pel 

pulsiim      ! 

dis-^Ql 

com--pnls-ion 

pro-ipell-er 

*  Old  forms,  gnosci  and  gnoscere ;  hence  con  becomes  co. 


Verbs. 

pende're 
pensum 

pen'dere  [ 

pen'sum  \ 

pet'ere  ) 

pet  i 'turn  ) 

plica're  ) 

plica'tum  f 

ple're  ) 

pletum  ) 

pon'ere  ) 

pos'ituni  ) 

porta're  ) 
porta'tum  f 


}= 


ETYMOLOGY. 

91 

57.  Roots  and 

Derivatives. 

Derivatives. 

fo  hang  up 

im-i^end 

stis-pens-ion 

to  weigh 

ap-'pend 

com-pend-ium 

to  pay;  to  think 

■pens-ive 

eaj-pend 

pens-?'o?i 

pens-ion 

dis-peiise 

to  seek 

petit-ion 

re-peat 

to  ask 

com-pete 

com-pctit-or 

to  fold 

com-plj 

du-p\ic-ate 

tri-i[)\e 

ap-ply 

com-p\ic-at-ed 

to  fill 

com-plet-ion 

com-ple-ment 

de--p\ete 

re-p\et-io7i 

iii-com-plct-ed 

to  place 

sup-pose 

ap-pos\t-ion 

posit-{o;i 

oj9-pose 

com-posit-ion 

to  carry 

ear-port' 

trans-port^ 

port'er 

im-port^ 

re-port' 

58.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


pos'se 

po'tens 

proba're 

probatum 

pun'gere 

punctiim 

puta're 

puta'tum 

prehen'dere 

prehen'sum 

prem'ere 

prcssum 

quser'ere 

quaesi'tum 


}= 


to  be  able 
pot-ent 
to  prove 
proh-able 
to  prick 
pwng-ent 
to  think 
to  reckon 
to  seize 
prehens-i7e 
to  press 
press-ure 
to  seek 
to  ask 


potent-ial 

pot-e7icy 

pvohat-ion 

«/;-probat-io?i 

punct-^^re 

e2:-punge 

im-pMte' 

com-pute' 

a/?-preliend 

com-prehend 

com-pxess 

i/?? -press 

quer-is^ 

quer-y 


poss-ible 

im-poss-ible 

ap-pvo\-al 

dis-ap'pvoYO 

p\xnctuiJct-ion 

poign-ant 

putat-n'e 

«c-count 

re-preliend 

ap-preiit-ice 

xe-press-ion 

ex-pvess-ive 

w-quire 

«w'-quest 


92 


KOEMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


59.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

rap'ere      ) 

= 

=  to  snatch 

rapac-iV^/ 

THY-ish 

rap'tum     f 

mip^i7ie 

rapa-ciows 

rapt-wre 

reg'ere 

— 

:  to  rule 

re-gion 

^i-rect 

rec'tum 

YQg-ent 

reign 

e-rect 

ride 're       ) 

- 

r  to  laugh 

lis-i-ble 

de-ride 

ri'siim       f 

vid-i-cule 

xi-diG-U'lous 

de-ris-ive 

roga're      | 

- 

:  to  ash 

inter-voga^tive 

ar-rog-ate 

roga'tum  j 

inter'iogate 

!  inter-vog'sut-ive 

!  super-er^oga-tio} 

rump'ere  ) 

= 

z  to  hreah 

e-rvi^i-ion 

ab-ruipt 

rup'tum    j 

rupt-wre 

dis-YVi^i-ion 

bank-rni^t 

scan'dere  ) 

scan'sum  f 

= 

:  to  climb 

t?g-scend' 

descend-ant 

a  scend' 

ifr«w-scend 

transcend-ent 

sci're         ) 

= 

:  to  hnow 

sci  entific 

Oin-ni'sci-ent 

sci'tum      ) 

sci-ence 

co?i-sci-ence 

presci-ence 

scrib'ere 

= 

:  to  write 

siib-scvibe 

postscri-pt 

scrip'tum  f 

script-VLve 

proscribe 

circu7nscribe 

60.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

seca're 

\ 

=  to  cut 

dissect^ 

^Vi'-sect 

sec'tum 

\ 

sect^'ion 

bisect^ 

intersect 

sede're 

\ 

=  to  sit 

sess'ion 

supersede 

ses'snm 

\ 

preside 

as-sess-or 

sed-ent-ary 

sen  ti're 

\ 

=  to  feel 

dissent 

as-sent 

sen'sum 

\ 

=  to  think 

consent 

sens-ible 

sequi 

\ 

=  to  folloio 

sequ.-el 

consecut-ive 

se  cu'tns 

f 

sequ-ewce 

conseqvi-ence  subseqn-ent 

ser  vi're 

) 

=  to  serve 

serv'-i7e 

subserY-ient 

ser  yi'tum 

f 

sexY-ant 

serf 

serY-ing 

ser  va're 

! 

=  to  save 

j9r^-serve 

conserY-atory 

ser  va'tum 

re  serve 

conserxe 

ob-serv-sitorj 

sol've  re 

■ 

=  to  loosen 

Ji5-solut-ion 

absolYC 

so  lu'tum 

dis-solxe 

re-solye 

solu-ble 

ETYMOLOGY. 


93 


61.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


Verbs. 

Derivatives. 

sis'tere 

)  =to  stand 

consist 

persist 

sta'tum 

)       assist 

insist 

re-sist 

sta're 

\  =  to  stand 

stdit-ute 

stat-ion 

sta'tum 

)       storble 

stat-wre 

constant 

spi  ra're 

)  =to  breathe 

ex-^ire 

persipire 

spira'tiim 

j       in  spire 

«s-pire 

transipire 

strin'gere 

1  =:  to  draw  tight  strict-wre 

constrain 

stric'tum 

i       stT'mg-e7it 

re  strain 

rc-strict 

stru'ere 

=  to  build 

o^-struct 

struct-wre 

struct'um 

construct 

instruct 

i7istruct-ion 

su'me  re 

)  =  to  take 

re-sume 

presume 

sump'tum 

)       assume 

consume 

presumipt-ion 

62.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

tan'gere 

)  =to  touch 

tdug-ent 

in-tact' 

tac'tum 

)       t'dug-ible 

con-t'dct 

con-tag-ious 

ten'dere 

)  =to  stretch 

dis-teudi 

pr  e-tend 

ten 'sum 

)       e.r-tend 

teus'ion 

or^-tend-ant 

tene're 

=  to  hold 

ten-able 

sus-tain 

ten'tum 

ten-ant 

re-tain 

con-tain 

tra'here 

\  =  to  draw 

dis-tract 

con-tract 

trac'tum 

)       trdct-able 

snb-trsict 

<fe-tract 

tribne're 

=  to  give 

at-trih-ufe 

dis-trihut-ion 

tribu'tum 

trih-2ite 

con-trih-2ite 

re-tribut-ion 

tru'dere 

=  to  thrust 

in-trud-er 

abs-truse 

tru'sum 

pro-tvude 

in-tru&-ion 

ob-trus-i\e 

63.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 

va'dere 

=  to  go 

in-\ViS-ion 

e-vade 

vas'um 

c-vade 

joer-vade 

e-\as-ion 

ve'here 

)  =1  to  carry 

Netie-ment 

i?i-Yeigh. 

vec'tum 

)       vehi-cZe 

in-Yect-ive 

co7i-\ej 

94: 


NOEMAL  WOKD  BOOK. 


Verbs. 

Derivatives, 

veni're 

1 

=  to  come 

inter-Yent-ion  circum-Yent 

ven'tum 

f 

con-Yene 

con-Yent-ion 

Siiper-Yene 

ver'tere 

=  to  turn 

di'YQvi' 

re- verse' 

ver'snm 

a-YQYt 

con-Yert^ 

re-vert' 

vide're 

=  to  see 

ad-Yise 

jt?ro-vide 

vis'um 

vis-ion 

re-Yis-ion 

super-Yis-ion 

vin'cere 

=  to  conquer 

Yict-ory 

con-Yict-ion 

vic'tum 

vict-or 

conZ-Yict 

con-Yince 

viv'ere 

=  to  live 

YiYi-fy 

con-YiYi-al 

vic'tum 

re-vive 

sur-YiYe 

YiYSi-cious 

voca're 

=  to  call 

co7i-Yoke 

in-Yoke 

voca'tum 

Yocat-ion 

re-Yoke 

pro-Yoke 

vol'vere 

=  to  roll 

e-Yolnt-ion 

re-Yolut-ion 

Yolu'tum 

re-volve 

in-Yolnt'ion 

co7i-Yolnt-ion 

64.  Verb-Roots. 

Take  up 

each  root  and  let  the  pupils  give,  orally,  as  man 

derivatives 

as 

possible.     Afterward  requir 

9  written  lists. 

ama're 

rrr 

to  love. 

fu'ge  re 

=  to  flee. 

an'ge  re 

= 

to  vex. 

gig'ne  re 

:=  to  beget. 

can'e  re 

= 

to  sing. 

hae're  re 

=  to  stick. 

ere  a're 

= 

to  create. 

ju  di  ca're 

=  to  judge. 

cred'e  re 

= 

to  trust. 

lin'que  re 

=  to  leave. 

cum'be  re 

= 

to  lie  down. 

man  da're 

=  to  command. 

di  ca're 

= 

to  set  apart. 

ma  ne're 

=  to  stay. 

do  ce're 

= 

to  teach. 

mer'ge  re 

=  to  plunge. 

er  ra're 

= 

to  err. 

mi  gra're 

=  to  move. 

fen'de  re 

= 

to  strihe. 

mis  ce're 

=  to  mix. 

fer  ve're 

— 

to  boil. 

mo  ve're 

=  to  move. 

fi'de  re 

= 

to  trust. 

mon  stra're 

=  to  point  out. 

fla  gra're 

= 

to  burn. 

nec'te  re 

=  to  tie. 

flec'te  re 

= 

to  turn. 

ne  ga're 

=  to  deny. 

fran'ge  re 

= 

to  break. 

no  ta're 

=  to  mark. 

E' 

CYM( 

DLOGY. 

i 

65. 

Verb-Roots. 

nu  me  ra're  = 

to  number. 

sap'e  re 

= 

to  taste. 

nil 'be  re 

= 

to  marry. 

scin'de  re 

= 

to  cut. 

op  ta're 

= 

to  loish. 

sci're 

■=. 

to  know. 

or  na're 

= 

to  adorn. 

spe  ra're 

= 

to  hope. 

pan'de  re 

= 

to  spread. 

splen  de're 

= 

to  shine. 

pa  ra're 

= 

to  make  ready. 

spon  de're 

= 

to  promise. 

pa'ti 

= 

to  suffer. 

su'me  re 

= 

to  take. 

pla  ce're 

= 

to  please. 

tac  e're 

— 

to  he  silent. 

prem'e  re 

= 

to  press. 

ya  ca're 

= 

to  he  empty. 

rap'e  re 

= 

to  snatch. 

va'de  re 

= 

to  go. 

ri  de're 

=;: 

to  laugh. 

vo  ra're 

= 

to  devour. 

ro'de  re 

irr 

to  gnaw. 

vel'le 

= 

to  ivish. 

rcg'e  re 

=z 

to  rule. 

va  Ic're 

z=z 

to  he  well. 

sa  li're 

= 

to  leap. 

Yo  la're 

= 

to  fly. 

95 


II.    NOUNS. 

Note. — The  genitive  case  of  the  noun  is  given  whenever  the  root  is 
materially  changed  in  that  case.  As  a  preliminary  oral  exercise, 
teacliers  should  require  pupils,  with  open  books,  to  distinguish  pre- 
fixes, suffixes,  and  roots ;  to  define  orally,  by  means  of  the  literal  or 
root  signification  ;  and  afterwards  to  give  the  current  meaning  of  the 
word. 

66.  Model  for  Oral  Recitation. 


annual         =  pertaining  to  a  year  ;  yearly. 

centennial    =  centum  +  annus  -{-  al  =  pertaining  to   a 

hundred  years, 
manuscript  =  manus  -f  scriptum  =  writien  hy  hand. 
egregious     =  ex  +  gregis  +  ous  =  pertaining  to  one  out 

of  the  flock ;  extraordinary  ;  remarkable  ; 

enormous. 


96 


iS^ORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


67.  Noun-Roots  and  Derivatives. 


annus 

)        annu-^? 

per-ernn-al 

tri-enm-al 

year 

j        U-Qn-ni-al 

cent'QTLm-al  semi-annu-al-ly 

anima 

)        nmm-al 

amm-ate 

re-imim-ate 

life;  soul 

)       ^mmal-cule  in-anim-ate 

animus 

ars 

=zart 

ariis-an 

aYti-fice 

artis 

avt-ist 

avt-less 

aYtful 

ca'put 

)  =  head 

capit-oZ 

de-caj^it-ate 

cap'itis 

)       capit-a^ 

chap-^er 

capitat-^■o?^ 

ca'ro 

= flesh 

carnat-^o?^ 

in-caYTL-ate 

carnis 

carn-cf/ 

C£Lvn-age 

caYiii-v^  or-ous 

cen'tnin 

centii-r^ 

centn-ple 

GQwi-enni-al 

a  hundred 

per-cent-age  centi-pede 

centuri-o?i 

cor'pus 

=  a  body 

coT])OY-ate 

corpus-c?e 

cor'poris 

corpor-a? 

coY-pu-lent 

cors-e^ 

68.  Noun-Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

cor 

=  the  heart 

cordi-aZ 

«c-cord-ance 

cordis 

core 

couY-age 

disrCOYd-ant 

crux                 ; 

=  a  cross     ' 

CTUCi-flX 

ex-cYuci-at-ing 

crucis 

CYiici-fy 

cruci-Z'/e 

CYuciform 

cur  a                ; 

cnvsirtor 

ac-cuY-ate 

caYQ-less 

care                 [ 

sine-cure 

in-ac-QUY-ate  caYe-less-ly 

dens                 \ 

=  a  tooth 

dent-ist 

den.t-it-io?i 

dentis              1 

dQnt-al 

dent-isf-ry 

in-dent-ed 

dominus          | 

domm-ion 

domm-ate 

pre-domm-ant 

lord;  master  i 

domin-ant 

domin-eer 

pi^e-domin-ance 

fi'nis 

G^n-ite 

iti-^n-it-ive 

fLi\-al-ly 

end;  limit 

in-fLTi-ite 

fin-M 

de-^ii-it-ion 

fi'des               i 

Mel-ity 

dif-M-e?it 

in-^d-el 

faith               \ 

con-Me 

tesd-ty 

per-G.d-y 

flos                 \ 

—  aftoiuer 

^o-ral 

fioY-ist 

flo'ris               j 

flo-ra 

floY-id 

flow-er 

ETYMOLOGY. 

97 

Boots. 

Derivatives. 

for'ma 

• 

iovm-al 

6'0/i-l'orm 

re-form 

shape 

fovm-ula 

/jer-form 

trans-form 

69.  Noun-Roots  and  Derivatives. 

grex 

) 

=  a  flock 

se-greg-ate 

con-gregai-ion 

gregis 

f 

greg-arious 

e-gregi-ous 

ag-gregat-ion 

ge'nus 

\ 

=  a  kind 

gen-der 

gcnu-ine 

gen'eris 

\ 

gener'-tc 

gener-a 

con-geni-al 

ho'mo 

\ 

=  a  man 

hum-«we 

in-hum.an-li/ 

hom'inis 

\ 

hum-an 

\mman-ity 

human-ize 

hos'pes 

\ 

=  a  host 

ho-tel 

hospit-^^ 

hos'pitis 

f 

=  a  guest 

host-ler 

hosjpit-able 

lex 

=  law 

il'leg-al 

legitimate 

legis 

\eg-al 

legis-late 

legislat-wre 

litera 

) 

liter-al 

al-litevnt'ion 

ob-litei-ate 

letter 

f 

\iter-ary 

il-liter-ate 

literat-?«re 

locus 

! 

loc-al 

\oc-ate 

dis'-locate 

a  place 

local- /Vy 

loco-motive 

col-locnt-ion 

ma'nus 

\ 

manu  al 

mann-f act'Ures  man-a-cle 

hand 

) 

mimvL'Scripi 

'  msLin-ten-ance 

msim-tain 

70.  Noun-Roots  and  Derivatives. 

mors 

mortis 

death 

mOTtu-ary 

morti-/?/ 

mort-al 

muY-der 

mort-gage 

men'sura ) 

jnensiiTartion 

di-mens4ons  mesisme-inent 

measure    f 

com-mensuT-aMe  im-mense 

im-mesisiir-able 

no'men     ) 

a  name 

nomin-a^e 

cog-nomen 

nominis    ( 

nomin-aZ 

^ro-noun 

pro-nomin-al 

pars 

partis 

a  part 

part-wer 

partis-«?i 

ip2iTs-ing 

part-ia/ 

par-ce? 

pes           ) 

= 

foot 

pedes-^fl? 

centi-j)edQ 

pedis        1 

ped-fl? 

j)ede8-trian 

bi-ped 

98 


NORMAL    WORD   BOOK. 


Roots. 

poe'na  ) 
punishment  f 

tes'tis  I 

loitness  j 

vo'tum  ) 

a  vow  S 


penal 
penal-jf?/ 
*  testi-/^ 
tQ&i\-mony 
votary 
yot-ive 


Derivatives. 

^en-ance 

^Qui-tent 

testa-men  f 

testat-or 

de-\ote 

de-vot-ee 


re-pent-ance 

sub-^oG'nsi 

at-test 

pro-test 

de-Yout 

a-\ow 


71.  Blank  Book  Work. 


Eequire  pupils  to  collect 
as  many  words  as  possible. 


and  write  out  under  each  root 


a'ger  (a'gri) 

=■ 

field. 

ig'nis 

= 

fire. 

ar'ma 

=■ 

tveapons. 

lac  (lac'tis) 

= 

milk. 

ars  (ar'tis) 

= 

art. 

li'ber 

= 

booJc. 

ar'tus 

= 

a  joint. 

lin'gua 

= 

tongue. 

au'ris 

=z 

ear. 

lo'cus 

=1 

place. 

a'vis 

= 

Mrd. 

lux  (lu'cis) 

= 

light. 

a'qua 

= 

water. 

lu'na 

=z 

moon. 

bel'lum 

= 

tear. 

ma're 

= 

sea. 

ca'lor 

=z 

heat. 

ma'ter 

= 

another. 

ca'ro  (car'nis) 

— 

flesh. 

mons 

= 

7nountain 

car'rus 

= 

ivagon. 

mos  (mo'ris) 

=r 

custom. 

ci'vis 

1= 

citizen. 

mens  (men'tis 

)  = 

mind. 

cor'pus 

= 

a  lody. 

mi'les 

= 

soldier. 

char'ta 

= 

a  paper. 

mod'us 

rrr 

manner. 

cir'cus 

= 

circle. 

na'vis 

= 

ship. 

crux  (cru'cis) 

=z 

cross. 

nor'ma 

= 

rule. 

de'us 

= 

a  god. 

op 'us 

= 

ivorh. 

di'es 

z= 

day. 

oc'u  lus 

= 

eye. 

flam'ma 

.  = 

flame. 

OS 

z= 

hone. 

fra'ter 

= 

Irother. 

pars  (par'tis) 

=z 

part. 

fu'mus 

= 

smoTce. 

pax  (pa'cis) 

= 

peace. 

hu'mus 

= 

earth. 

pre'ti  um 

== 

price. 

ETYMOLOGY. 

pa'ter 

=  father. 

um'bra 

=  shade. 

ro'ta 

=  wheel 

un'da 

=  wave. 

so'nus 

=  sound. 

urbs 

=  cittj. 

so'por 

=  sleep. 

vac'ca 

—  cow. 

stel'la 

=  star. 

ven'tus 

=  wind. 

tem'pus 

=  time. 

ver'mis 

=  worm. 

ter'ra 

=  eartlu 

ves'tis 

=  garment 

ter'minus 

=  limit. 

ver'bum 

=  word. 

99 


III.  ADJECTIVES   AND   ADVERBS. 
72.  Roots  and  Derivatives. 


Roots. 

Derivatives. 

ae'quus 

equat-or 

equi-nox 

e-qni-ty 

equal 

equat-io;i 

e-qua-ile 

e-qui-vocate 

cla'rus 

clari-/?/ 

clesir-ance 

de-clare^ 

clear 

clear-wes5 

c\a.ri-on 

de-clar-at-ive 

for'tis 

fort 

ioTii-fy 

tovc-ible 

strong 

forte 

forti-tude 

re-en-iorce 

U'ber 

liber-«/e 

liber-«^ 

liber-ty 

free 

\^QY-at4on 

il'lihor-al-ly  . 

de-liyer-ance 

mem'or 

memor-y 

re-member 

iRem.or-a7idum, 

7mnf]fiil 

momoY-able 

re-memhr-ance 

memento 

mag'nus 

magni-/^ 

mo.gn-anim-ous 

majesty 

great 

m2.^\-tiide 

msLgni-fc-ence 

major-% 

ma'le 

male-vo-lent  ma\e-did-ion 

msi\-apro2)os 

ill 

male-fact-or 

•  ma[-co7i-te7it 

mal-form-ation 

73.  Roots 

and  Derivatives. 

nov'us 

noY-ice 

in-noY-af-ton 

noY-el-ist 

neio 

noY-el 

re-noY-ate 

noY-el-ette 

sat'is 

satis-/«/ 

satV-ety 

in-sati-ate 

enough 

ssiti-ate 

saik'faction 

dis-satis-fy 

100 


KORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


Roots. 

Derivatives. 

sol'idus 

\ 

sol-id 

con-solid-ate 

solid-ity 

firm;  hard 

sold-er 

solidi-fy 

solid-arity 

tres 

\ 

tri-o 

tTi-a7igle 

tri-ple 

three 

trin-iVy 

tie-ble 

tii-plets 

u'nus 

\ 

uni-^ 

llni-o?^ 

Vim-form, 

one 

uni-^e 

dis-um-on 

un-anim-ous 

va'gus 

■ 

YagT-a7it 

YSLgiie-ness 

extra-\Sig-ant 

wandering 

YugSL-bond 

YSLg-ary 

extra-YSig-ance 

be'ne 

1 

hene-fact-or 

heiie-fit 

hene-vol-ent 

well 

hene-dict-ion  hene-fice 

hene-fic-e}it 

bis,  bi 

1 

hi-sect 

his-cuit 

hi-en7iial 

twice;  two 

hi-ped 

hi-valve 

hi-cuspid 

74.  Word  Exercise. 


Note. — Take  each  root  separately,  and  let  tlie  class  give  orally 
as  many  derivatives  as  possible.  Afterwards  require  each  pupil  to 
make  out  a  written  list. 


al'tus 
as'per 
brev'is 
era  dus 
du  rus 
de  cem 
dig  nus 
du  o 
fac'i  lis 
firm  us 
grav  is 
lax  us 
lev  is 
mi  nor 


rough. 

mol  lis 

short. 

mul  tus 

raiu. 

neu  ter 

hard. 

om  nis 

ten. 

pie  nus 

worthy. 

plus 

tivo. 

quat  u  or 

easy. 

sex 

firm. 

sep  tem 

heavy. 

sua  vis 

loose. 

ve  rus 

light. 

vet  us 

less. 

vi'lis 

ma  3  or 


greater. 

soft. 

much. 

neitlier. 

all 

full. 

more. 

four. 

six. 

seven. 

siveet. 

true. 

old. 

base. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


Wl. 


75.  Anglicized  Latin  Nouns. 

Adopted  into  English  withoict  change  of  spelling. 
Require  the  plural,  if  any,  and  the  definition. 


aca'cia 

acan'thus 

are'na 

an'imus 

an'imal 

acu'men 

adden'dum 

allu'vium 

cer'ebrum 

curric'ulum 

cra'nium 

detri'tus 

empo'rium 

enco'mium 

fari'na 


ge'nius 

max'imum 

scintil'la 

hon'or 

min'imum 

sta'tus 

in'cubus 

o'dium 

spe'cies 

ignora'mus 

oppro'brium 

se'ries 

in'terim 

pab'ulum 

se'rum 

interreg'num 

pen'dulum 

se'nior 

la'bor 

pre'mium 

sim'ile 

lan'guor 

ra'dius 

stim'ulus 

lam'ina 

reg'imen 

tu'mulus 

manda'mus 

rega'lia 

ter'minus 

momen'tum 

re'quiem 

tribu'nal 

momoran'dum 

spec'ulum 

tym'panum 

minu'tiae 

spec'ulator 

vin'culum 

mod'icum 

stra'tum 

vac'uum 

millen'nium 

stra'tus 

ver'tebra 

Require  a 

alcal'de 

arma'da 

ambuscade' 

al'ligator 

brava'do 

bandit'ti 

burlesque' 

barricade' 

bagatelle' 


76.  Words  of  Romanic  Origin. 
Chiefly  from  the  Italian  and  the  Spanish. 
definition,  referring  pupils  to  the  dictionary, 
buffoon'  car'icature        garrote' 


cam'eo  canta'ta  gazelle' 

can'nibal  despera'do  gnerril'ia 

com'modore  embar'go  har'lequin 

cu'pola  fil'igree  macaroon' 

cor'ridor  fili'buster  macaro'ni 

char'latan  flotil'la  mantil'la 

cas'tanet  fandan'go  me  ri'no 

coch'ineal  gazette'  mosqui'to 


"102 


KORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


molas'ses 

punctil'io 

pimen'to 

stilet'to 

mulat'to 

provi'so 

par'a  sol 

torna'do 

mustache' 

por'tico 

regat'ta 

umbrel'la 

op'era 

poltroon' 

sopra'no 

vermicerii 

pantaloons' 

pia'no 

sas'safras 

vanil'la 

peccadil'lo 

piaz'za 

stu'dio 

volca'no 

77.  Monosyllables  of  Romanic  Origin. 

Coming  into  English  through  French. 


aid 

couch 

gain 

hue 

oust 

aim 

count 

garb 

join 

piece 

bail 

crape 

gauze 

juice 

pique 

chair 

cream 

gleam 

lace 

quart 

chaise 

cue 

gorge 

lease 

quit 

chance 

dame 

gouge 

league 

quite 

change 

daunt 

grape 

liege 

reign 

chant 

dress 

grease 

lieu 

rout 

charge 

due 

grief 

mail 

route 

charm 

faint 

guard 

main 

ruse 

chase 

fair 

guide 

marque 

rouge 

chat 

farce 

guise 

moist 

taunt 

check 

feign 

haunch 

munch 

tour 

chief 

fierce 

haunt 

niche 

view 

coach 

foist 

hearse 

niece 

vein 

coin 

frieze 

heir 

noise 

veil 

SECTION 

VI. 

• 

I.    CURRENT 

WORDS    OF 

FRENCH 

ORIGIN. 

Note. — The  following  words  have  come  into  use  in  English  speech 
through  the  French  and  Norman  French,  though  many  of  them  were 
originally  of  Latin  or  Greek  derivation,  and  some  few  of  Teutonic. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


103 


Some  of  these  words  have  become  fully  Anglicized  in  pronunciation 
and  accent ;  others  are  only  partially  Anglicized  ;  while  some  are 
purely  foreign  words.  As  these  words  are  in  current  use  in  news- 
papers and  magazines,  it  is  desirable  that  pupils  should  know  how  to 
pronounce  them  and  spell  them.  Teachers  must  give  the  correct 
pronunciation.  It  is  also  desirable  that  pupils  should  be  required  to 
define  every  word,  and,  as  far  as  practicable,  to  give  the  derivation 
and  root-meaning. 


78.    Words  Derived  from  the  French. 


bal'ance 
brill  iance 
bal  let 
beau  ty 
bis  cult 
bu  reau 
bon  bon 
cham  ois 
chign  on 
cou  pon 
cous  in 
cogn  ac 
colo  nel 
cur  few 
cui  rass 
chat  tel 


coiffure 
de  pot 
en  nui 
f au  eet 
fra  cas 
flam  beau 
fash  ion 
fillet 
fran  cbise 
griev  ance 
gor  geous 
gau  ger 
gus  set 
haut  boy 
hein  ous 
har  ass 


jaun'dice 
jeop  ard 
jour  ney 
lat  tice 
lev  ee 
li  en 
lei  sure 
laun  dry 
mem  oir 
mort  gage 
mat  tress 
mis  chief 
nui  sance 
na  ive 
neph  ew 
par  lance 


paT'ette 
por  trait 
peas  ant 
prai  rie 
piqu  ant 
pig  eon 
pres  tige 
pur  lieu 
prov  ost 
poign  ant 
plain  tiff 
pur  pose 
rel  ict 
rai  sin 
rea  son 
re  tail 


79.  Words  Derived  from  the  French. 


saun'ter 

toi  let 

vas  sal 

a  droit' 

sor  tie 

toi  lette 

vign  ette 

an  tique 

sur  feit 

tour  ist 

vil  lain 

ar  raign 

sir  loin 

ta  pis 

a  dieu' 

ba  ton 

sur  name 

tis  sue 

a  chieve 

ba  rege 

sur  tout' 

truf  fie 

ac  crue 

bou  quet 

104 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


bi  zarre' 

che  nille'          con 

tour' 

du  ress' 

bi  jou 

chi  cane           ere  vasse 

e  meute 

bru  nette 

chas  tise           cro 

chet 

es  cheat 

ca  bal 

cha  teau            cro 

quet 

fa  yade 

ca  nard 

chi  mere           cri 

tique 

fas  cine 

cba  grin 

CO  quette          co  coon 

fi  nesse 

cha  rade 

cor  net              dev 

oir 

fa  tigue 

cham  pagne 

cor  yette           de  tour 

fron  tier 

che  mise 

cor  tege            des  sert 

gri  mace 

I 

80.  Words  from  the  French. 

gui  pure' 

pla  teau' 

at  ta  che 

ha  rangue 

phy  sique 

am  a  teur 

hau  teiir 

pla  toon 

chem  i  sette 

hal  loo  - 

pur  loin 

con  no  is  seur 

lorgn  ette 

pur  suit 

chev  a  lier 

main  tain 

quar  tette 

chif  fon  ier 

mi  rage 

quad  rille 

des  ha  bille 

mo  raine 

ra  gout 

ex  po  se 

m^  lee 

ro  sette 

em  ploy  e 

par  quet 

re  gime 

es  cri  toire 

par  quette 

ra  vine 

et  a  gere 

par  terre 

ra  zee 

es  ca  pade 

pe  tite 

rou  tine 

fric  as  see 

per  du 

re  gime 

flag  eo  let 

pe  lisse 

soir  ee 

guil  lo  tine 

81.  Words  from  the  French. 

gren  a  dier' 

mil  lion  aire' 

non  cha  lance' 

guar  an  tee 

mi  trail  leuse 

) 

neg  li  gee 

im  mor  telle 

min  u  et 

rep  ar  tee 

mat  in  ee 

na  ive  te 

ri  CO  chet 

mign  on  ette 

nov  el  ette 

res  u  me 

ETYMOLOGY. 


105 


av'e  niie 
av  a  lanche 
bad  in  age 
com  plai  sance 
CO  te  rie 
char  la  tan 
cic  a  trice 
et  i  quette 
ep  au  let 
ep  au  lette 


en'tre  pot 
pro  te  ge 
par  ve  nu 
ret  i  nue 
rev  e  nue 
res  er  Yoir 
ren  dez  yous 
res  tau  rant 
CO  till'ion 
re  veil  le 


re  plen'ish 
port  man  teau 
aY  oir  du  pois' 
deb  on  air' 
em  bel'lish 
gar'ri  son 
gor  mand  ize 
mer  clian  dise 
sus'te  nance 
re  con'nais  sance 


82.  French  Words  Current  In  English. 

Note. — These  words  retain  the  French  pronunciation,  and,  in 
general,  are  printed  in  italics.  The  correct  pronunciation  must  be 
given  to  pupils  by  the  teacher,  and  also  their  signification  and  use. 


houiVlon 

mo  rale' 

hon  Jio  mie' 

confrere 

7nor  ceau 

con  tre  temps 

cafe 

me  nage 

dis  tin  gue 

en  nui 

ma  dame 

de  colle  te 

lache 

mon  sieur 

de  noue  ment 

gour  mand 

me  lange 

em  presse  ment 

si  ance 

pas  se 

em  hon  point 

hla  se 

pat  ois 

fi  an  cee 

can  aille 

pen  chant 

feu  ille  ton 

cut  sine 

rou  e 

porte-mon  naie 

de  hut 

sa  vant 

per  son  nel 

dou  cGur 

sa  Ion 

ren  ais  sance 

e  clat 

trous  seau 

re  trous  se 

c  lite 

a  hat  toir 

re  cher  ch6 

en  tree 

a  han  don 

rep  er  toire 

106 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


SECTION    VII. 

MISCELLANEOUS    DERIVATIONS. 

83.  Words  from  Historical  or  Mythological  Names. 

Circe  A  fabled  sorceress  who  first  charmed  her  vic- 

circean  tims,  and  then  transformed  thefii  into  swine. 

Ceres  The  goddess  of  grain  and  tillage ;  hence  the 

cereals  grains  are  called  cereals. 

Dahl  A  Swedish  botanist  whose  name  has  been  given 

dahlia  to  the  flower  dahlia,  indigenous  to  Mexico. 

Eschscholtz  A  botanist  after  whom  is  named  a  yellow 

eschsclioUzia  flower  known  as  the  '^  California  poppy." 

Mercury  The  god  of  eloquence  and  commerce  ;  hence 

mercurial  mercurial  means  active,   changeable,  full  of 
fire  and  vigor. 


In  a  similar  manner  explain  the  origii] 

L  and  meaning  of 

the  following 

words  : 

atlas 

galvanism 

mansard 

pasquinade 

augean 

gordian 

martinet 

phaeton 

buncombe 

hy'giene 

maud'lin 

quixotic 

bria'rean 

hector 

mausole'um 

stentorian 

bacchanalian 

hermetical 

macadamize 

saturnine 

calli'ope 

Jesuit 

nicotine 

saturnalian 

camellia 

jehu 

orrery 

tantalize 

cicero'ne 

jovial 

prote'an 

terpsichore'an 

darwinian 

jeremiad 

platonic 

titanic 

epicurean 

lobelia 

plutonic 

voltaic 

eschalots 

lynch-law 

philippic 

volcanic 

esculapian 

martial 

procrus'tean 

vulcanized 

fuchsia 

mesmerism 

palladium 

vandalism 

faro 

magnolia 

Pickwickian 

vernier 

ETYMOLOGY. 


107 


85.  Words  from  Names  of  Places. 

Arcadia  A  mountain  region  of  Greece,  inhabited  by 

arcadian  a  pastoral  people  ;   hence  arcadian  means 

relating  to  the  simple  delights  of  rural  life. 
Attica  A  part  of  Greece  of  which  Athens  was  the 

attic  principal  city ;  hence  attic  means  pertain- 

ing to  the  delicate  wit,  pure  style,  etc.,  of 
the  Athenians.     "Attic  salt"  means  sharp 
wit. 
Gascony  A  province  of  France  noted  for  its  boastful 

gasconade  people  ;  hence,  gasconade,  yain  boasting,  or 

"brag." 
Milan  A  city  in  Italy ;  milliner  originally  was  Mi- 

milliner  laner,  a  man  from  Milan  who  imported  into 

England  the  female  finery  made  in  Milan. 
Sybaris  An  ancient  city  of  Italy  noted  for  the  effem- 

sybarite  inacy  and  luxury  of  its  people ;  hence,  a 

sybarite  is  a  devotee  of  pleasure. 
Laconia  The  country  of  the  Lacones,  or  Spartans,  who 

laconic  affected  short,  pithy  answers  ;  hence,  laconic 

means  short,  concise. 
Myrmidons     A  people  of  Greece  who  followed  Achilles  to 
myrmidons         the  siege  of  Troy.     They  were  noted  for 
their  savage  brutality ;  hence,  we  speak  of 
the  myrmidons  of  a  tyrant,  etc. 


88.  Dictionary  Exercise. 
Find  out  the  derivation  of  the  following  words  : 

agate  cambric  cologne  dollar 

currant  crayon  champagne  damask 

copper  cravat  cordwainer  florin 

cherry  calico  cantaleup  fustian 


108 


NORMAL  WOKD  BOOK. 


guinea 

magnet 

punic 

spruce 

hessian 

meander 

pandour 

sherry 

indigo 

morocco 

parchment 

solecism 

italics 

Olympic 

pheasant 

stygian 

jalap 

peony 

quince 

tariff 

jet 

parian 

rubicon 

tophet 

landau 

pistol 

sardine 

topaz 

muslin 

peach 

sardonic 

worsted 

87.  Dictionary  Exercise. 

From  the 

dictionary  find  out  the  origin 

of  these  words 

alligator 

dido 

lynch-law 

soldier 

assassin 

dunce 

magnesia 

sarcasm 

artesian 

demijohn 

mentor 

sycophant 

balmoral 

derrick 

madeira 

scrupulous 

bantam 

fuchsia 

pinchbeck 

supercilious 

bankrupt 

gossamer 

promethean 

shibboleth 

billingsgate 

gutta-percha 

prevaricate 

stygian 

bedlam 

gossip 

poltroon 

sarsaparilla 

bohemian 

gypsy 

pander 

spencer 

carronade 

gentian 

pythian 

siren 

caucus 

heathen 

pyrrhic 

turkey 

canard 

handsome 

quiz 

thespian 

cinchona 

hyacinth 

quassia 

tribulation 

isinglass 

salary 

troglodyte 

SECTION    VIIL— GREEK    WORDS. 
88.  Greek  Roots. 


Root. 

Force. 

Examples. 

aer 

=  air. 

aer-aied             aer-onaut 

astron 

=  a  star. 

astr-al               astr-onomy 

agogeus 

=  a  leader. 

d.em-agogue       ped-'dgogne 

ETYMOLOGY. 


109 


Root. 

autos 

bios 

ballein 

cho'le 

chroma 

chronos 

deka 

demos 

doxa 

ethnos 

gamos 


genea 

gonia 

graphein 

gramma 

helios 

hema 

hex 

hieros 

hippos 

homos 

hydor 

idios 

isos 

kosmos 

kratos 

krites 


lithos 
logos 


Force. 

one's  self. 

life. 

to  throiu, 

bile. 

color. 

time. 

ten. 

the  people. 

opinion. 

race. 

marriage. 


Examples. 


«w7o-graph 

^'o-graphy 

para-hola 

choler-ic 

chroma-tic 

chroni-cle 

deca-logiie 

de7no-crsLt 

ortho-dox 

ethno-logj 

hi-gamy 


89.  Greek  Roots. 


the  earth, 
hirth  ;  race, 
angle, 
to  ivrite. 
a  letter, 
the  sun. 
blood, 
six. 

sacred.     . 
a  horse, 
similar, 
water, 
peculiar, 
equal, 
the  loorld. 
power, 
a  judge. 


^e-ography 

genea-logy 

^o\j-gon 

graph-ic 

grammar 

helio-tvoipe 

hemor-rhage 

hex-agoji 

hiero-g\y]}hics 

hippo-drouio 

homo-geneous 

hydro-iphohia, 

idiot 

150-ther'mal 

cosmo-gonj 

Siiito-crat 

criti-cise 


90.  Greek  Roots. 
a  stone.  ZiV/iO-graphy 


=  science. 


ge-ology 


auHO'CTSit 

bio-\ogj 

hyper-ho\e 

melan-choly 

chromo 

chi'O  no-meter 

deca-gon 

dcm-agogue 

hetero-dox 

ethn-ic 

j)o\y-gamy 


ge-o\ogj 

homo-gene-ows 

disi-gon-iil 

tele-graph 

mono-gram 

Vi^-heUon 

hemor-ilioid. 

hexa-v[i'etev 

hier-archj 

h  ippo-]}0  tamus 

homo-logons 

hydro-&tat\cs 

idiom, 

isos'-eeles 

coswo-politan 

demo-cracy 

hj^o-ci'ite 


a/er-olite 
astro-logy 


110 


XOKMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


Root. 

Force. 

examples. 

lysis 

= 

a  loosening. 

ana-/?/5i5 

iparsL-lysis 

metron 

= 

measure. 

gdi&o-meter 

thernio-77ieter 

mikros 

=: 

small. 

micro-scoj^e 

micro-cosm. 

monos 

z= 

alone. 

mojio-tone 

mon-eixch 

morphe 

= 

form. 

armor pJious 

metsL-morphosis 

mythos 

= 

fiction. 

mytho-logj 

myth-ical 

nomos 

= 

law. 

Sistro-nomy 

eco-no7ny 

naus 

= 

a  shi2). 

?iaus-e[i 

SLBTo-naut 

nekros 

= 

dead. 

necro-logj 

^ec'7'O-mancy 

ode 

= 

song. 

mel-ody 

par-Of/y 

onoma 

= 

a  name. 

Siii-onym-ous 

sjn-07iy7n 

orthos 

= 

right. 

ortho-grsi-phj 

or'tho-Q^y 

91.  Greek  Roots. 

oxys 

= 

sharp. 

oxy-gen 

oxy-di\zQ 

pan 

= 

all. 

paji-oramsi 

j9«/^-theon 

pathos 

= 

feeling. 

Si-pathy 

patho-\ogy 

petra 

= 

a  rode. 

petri-ij 

petr-oleiim 

pherein 

=z 

to  hear. 

m.eta-phor 

][)\ios-phor-ouB 

phos 

= 

light. 

phos-])hoY\is 

phofo-gra-ph. 

phanein 

= 

to  appear. 

phan-tom. 

phe7i-omenon 

philos 

=. 

a  friend. 

philos-b'phev 

philo-logist 

phone 

z=z 

sound. 

phon-ic 

2)ho7io-gi£L'phj 

phren 

= 

the  mind. 

frenzy 

frantic 

phrasis 

:rr 

a  saying. 

ipSLYs^-phrase 

phraseo-logj 

physis 

= 

nature. 

phys-ics 

phys-iologj 

polls 

= 

city. 

poli-te 

poli-tics 

polys 

— 

many. 

poly-^ViS 

poly-gon 

92.  Greek  Roots. 

pneuma 

= 

Ireath;  air. 

2meu7no-ma, 

p7ieu7na-ticss. 

protos 

==■ 

first. 

proto-tj^e 

proto-^Asism 

psyche 

=z 

soul. 

psycho-logy 

metem-^JsychO'Sis 

ETYMOLOGY. 

11 

Root. 

Force. 

Kxaiu 

ipleg. 

pyr  (pus) 

= 

fire. 

;?^/-o-tedmics 

pyre 

rhein 

= 

to  flow. 

cata-rr/^ 

rheum. 

scopein 

= 

to  look. 

tele-scope 

microscope 

schole 

r::^ 

leisure. 

school 

schol-eistiG 

sophia 

rzr 

wisdom. 

'philo-sophg 

sophi-stvy 

sphaira 

= 

S2)liere. 

hemisphere 

spher-icitj 

stasis 

= 

a  placing. 

system   . 

ecstas-j 

thesis 

=: 

a  placing. 

sjn-thesis 

anti-thesis 

techne 

= 

art. 

techno-logy 

j)olj-techmc 

theos 

=■ 

god. 

Sirtheist 

theo-iogy 

therme 

= 

heat. 

therm-om.' eier 

therm-al 

tomos 

= 

a  cutting. 

SLTiii-to?ng 

ey)i-t^ome 

93.  Greek  Roots. 

tecton 

= 

builder. 

aichi-tect 

arch'i-^ec^ure 

telos 

z:^ 

end;  distance,  ^e^e-phone 

tele-scoye 

thermos 

z=z 

hot. 

iherm-ic 

thermO'grsiph 

tonos 

•=z 

tone. 

SL'tO?l-\c 

moiio-to7ie 

topos 

= 

a  place. 

topo-graiphy 

u-top-ia. 

tropos 

= 

a  turning. 

helio-trope 

trop-ic 

typos 

= 

an  impress. 

typ-ica\ 

ttjpo-gra^hy 

zoon 

= 

an  animal. 

zod-\ogy 

zoo-iphyte 

94.  Words  of  Greek  Derivation. 
Graphein  =  to  write.    Graphy  =  writing.     Gramma  =  writing. 
Require  the  root  signification  and  the  full  definition. 


au'tograph 
bi  og'ra  phy 
an  to  bi  og'ra  phy 
bib  li  og'ra  phy 
chi  rog'ra  phy 
cal  lig  ra  phy 


ge  og'raphy 
his  tri  og'ra  phy 
hy  drog'ra  phy 
li  thog  ra  phy 
lex  i  cog  ra  phcr 
pho  nog  ra  phcr 


ste  nog'ra  phy 
or  thog  ra  phy 
te  leg  ra  phy 
tel  e  graph  ic 
gram  ma'ri  an 
par  al  lei  o  gram 


112 


l^OKMAL  WOKD   BOOK. 


ep  i  gram  mafic 
pho  tog  ra  phy 
pho  to  graph'ic 


ty  pog'ra  pliy 
ty  po  graph'ic 
par'a  gr^h  ist 


bi  o  graph'ic  al 
gram  mafic  al 


95.  Words  of  Greek  Derivation. 


Logos 

Eequire  the  root 

apol'o  gy 
eu'lo  gy 
ge  ol'o  gy 
psy  chol'o  gy 
phi  lol'o  gy 
phy  si  ol'o  gy 
min  er  al'o  gy 
phre  nol'  o  gy 
et  y  mol'o  gy 
or  ni  thol'o  gy 
en  to  mol'o  gy 
ehro  nol'o  gy 
ich  thy  ol'o  gy 
tech  nol'o  gy 


=  science,  reason,  a  speech,  a  word. 


meaning  and  the  full  definition. 


a  pol'o  gize 
eu'lo  gize 
ge  ol'o  gize 
psy  chol'o  gize 
phi  lol'o  gist 
phys  i  ol'o  gist 
min  er  al'o  gist 
phre  nol'o  gist 
et  y  mol'o  gist 
or  ni  thol'o  gist 
en  to  mol'o  gist 
chro  nol'o  gist 
me  te  or  ol'o  gy 
pa  thol'o  gy 


a  pol'o  gist 
eu'lo  gist 
ge  ol'o  gist 
psy  chol'o  gist 
phi  lo  log'ic  al 
phys  i  0  log'ic  al 
min  er  a  log'ic  al 
phre  no  log'ic  al 
et  y  mo  log'ic  al 
or  ni  tho  log'i  cal 
en  to  mo  log'ic  al 
chro  no  log'ic  al 
psy  cho  log'ic  al 
ge  0  log'ic  al 


96.  Words  of  Greeic  Origin. 

Many  of  these  words  have  come  into  English  through  the  Latin. 
Require  either  a  synonym  or  a  definition  of  each  word.  Let  the 
pupils  use  the  dictionary. 


alms 

chord 

choir 

fame 

air 

chrome 

chart 

gnome 

art 

chyme 

crypt 

hymn 

ache 

chyle 

cone 

lobe 

blame 

chrism 

cyst 

lyre 

balm 

chair 

clef 

lymph 

base 

chasm 

disc 

nymph 

ETYMOLOGY. 

myth 

pyre 

schist 

theme 

nerve 

plague 

sphere 

throb 

phase 

rheum 

sphinx 

thyme 

phrase 

rhythm 

spasm 

tomb 

phlegm 

rhomb 

style 

tome 

plilox 

school 

spleen 

tone 

prism 

scene 

schism 

type 

psalm 

scheme 

sylph 

trope 

palm 

scope 

sketch 

zone 

• 

97.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

ac'me 

chro'mo 

eth'nic 

i'dol 

arc  tic 

chlo  rine 

em  blem 

idyl 

as  tral 

cy  cle 

ep  ode 

i  ris 

ath  lete 

crys  tal 

fran  tic 

li  chen 

ar  chives 

com  ma 

fren  zy 

log  ic 

asth  ma 

cos  mos 

gas  trie 

mar  tyr 

ax  is 

des  pot 

graph  ite 

ma  cron 

ba  sis 

delta 

glu  cose 

mag  ic 

caus  tic 

di  et 

gym  nast 

meth  od 

col  ic 

dog  ma 

gj  rate 

mon  ad 

con  ic 

dra  ma 

ge  ode 

mu  sic 

cli  mate 

diph  thong 

ha  lo 

mim  ic 

cli  max 

ech  0 

hec  tic 

mor  phine 

cyn  ic 

ep  ic 

her  mit 

no  mad 

cha  OS 

e  poch 

hy  drant 

0  men 

chron  ic 

e  ther 

hy  dra 

op  tios 

98.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

Ojs'ter 

pan'ic 

pha  rynx 

phthis  ic 

ox  ide 

po  et 

pha  lanx 

phos  phate 

ol  ive 

pet  al 

phys  ics 

plas  tic 

0  zone 

pars  ley 

pleu  ra 

plan  et 

pa  per 

phan  torn 

pig  my 

pseu  do 

113 


114 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


pae'on 
rliu  barb 
sa  tyr 
.  sar  casm 
sclied  ule 
si  phon 
syn  od 
sym  bol 
symp  torn 
sys  tern 
syr  inge 


ap'o  thegm 
ar  go  naut 
al  pha  bet 
aph  o  rism 
ax  i  om 
agony 
an  0  dyne 
at  mos  phere 
am  nes  ty 
au  to  crat 
an  eu  rism 
ac  ro  bat 
as  ter  oid 
at  ro  phy 
a  cous'tics 
a  cros  tic 


skep'tic 
styp  tic 
stig  ma 
ster  num 
stom  ach 
sto  ic 
soph  ist 
tac  tics 
top  ic 
trop  ic 
tri  pod 

99.  Words  of 

a  zo'ic 
a  or'ta 
a  sy'lum 
a  pos'tle 
ass  thet  ic 
aes  thet  ics 
au  then  tic 
bot'a  ny 
big  a  my 
bron  chi  a 
cat  a  plasm 
cat  a  clysm 
cat  e  chism 
char  ac  ter 
chlo  ro  form 
chlo  ro  phyl 


triph'thong 
ther  mal 
the  ist 
the  sis 
tho  rax 
tro  phy 
ty  rant 
ty  phoon 
ty  phus 
ty  phoid 
tro  che 

Greek  Origin. 

chol'e  ra 
chrys  a  lis 
cat  a  comb 
era  ni  um 
clin  ic  al 
croc  0  dile 
cyn  o  sure 
CO  ma  tose 
cos  mic  al 
crit  i  cism 
cyn  i  cism 
cyl  in  der 
chi  me'ra 
cha  ot  ic 
chro  mat  ic 
cos  met  ic 


tro'chee 
trag  ic 
tra  peze' 
zeal'ot 
com  ic 
CO  ma 
crit  ic 
an  gel 
as  ter 
prob  lem 
bap  tism 


cal'o  mel 
ce  phal  ic 
di'a  phragm 
di  a  dem 
di  a  tom 
dy  nas  ty 
di  dac'tic 
dys  pep  tic 
di  lem  ma 
dy  nam  ic 
di  plo  ma 
e  clip'tic 
ec  cen  trie 
ec  stat  ic 
ec  lec'tic 
el  lip'sis 


e  pis'tle 
ex  ot  ic 
e  nig  ma 


100.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

eu  re'ka  ep'i  sode  ep'i  logue 

em'pha  sis       ep  i  gram  eth  ic  al 

el  e  gy  ep  i  taph  ex  o  dus 


ETYMOLOGY. 


115 


ex'o  gen 
en  do  gen 
eu  pbc  mism 
gan  gli  on 
gen  e  sis 
glyc  er  ine 
gj  ro  scope 
hal  cy  on 
lier  o  ism 
her  0  ine 
hem  or  rhage 
hec  a  tomb 
her  ni  a 


ma  chin'ist 
mo  sa  ic 
mu  se  um 
mi  as  ma 
mne  mon  ics 
ne  cro  sis 
ne  pen  the 
no  mad  ic 
nc'o  phyte 
oph  i  cleide 
or  ches  tra 
ox  y  gen 
ob  e  lisk 
OS  tra  cize 
or  tho  dox 
par  a  digm 


syn'o  nym 
syn  the  sis 


ho'  mo  nym 
ho  ro  scope 
hy  gi  ene 
hy  dro  gen 
hem  i  sphere 
hec  to  gram 
her  e  tic 
hex  a  gon 
hyp  o  crite 
hys  ter'ics 
hy  draul  ics 
hyp  not  ic 
i  de'a 


i  o'ta 
id'i  ot 
id  i  om 
i  o  dine 
i  ron  y 
kil  o  gram 
lab  y  rinth 
log  a  rithm 
lex  i  con 
lit  ur  gy 
lie  o  rice 
lym  phat  ic 
ly  ce'um 


101.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

par'al  lax  pho'to  sphere 


par  al  lei 
par  a  site 
par  a  gon 
par  o  dy 
par  ox  ysm 
par  a  dox 
pan  ere  as 
pan  the  ism 
pan  to  mime 
pan  0  ply 
par  a  ble 
pel  i  can 
pen  ta  gon 
pet  ri  fy 
phar  i  see 


phar  ma  cy 
pro  to  type 
pro  to  plasm 
pros  0  dy 
pros  e lyte 
pyth  i  an 
proph  e  sy 
pleu  ri  sy 
plat  y  pus 
pleth  o  ric 
pie  o  nasm 
pol  y  glot 
pol  y  gon 
por  phy  ry 
pyr  a  mid 


102.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

syn  CO  pe  sym'pho  ny 

sym  me  try      sym  pa  thy 


le  the'an 
ma'ni  a 
ma  ni  ac 
mas  to  dou 
mel  o  dy 
me  te  or 
met  a  phor 
mech  a  nism 
myr  i  ad 
mys  te  ry 
mon  o  lith 
mon  o  dy 
mi  cro  scope 


pseu'do  nym 
pa  py'rus 
pho  net  ics 
pneu  mat  ics 
pe  dan  tic 
pro  phet  ic 
py  ri'tes 
rhap'so  dy 
rhet  o  ric 
rheu  ma  tism 
sel  e  nite 
sem  i  tone 
scor  pi  on 
skel  e  ton 
spher  i  cal 
soph  is  try 


syn  a  gogue 
syc  a  more 


116 


NORMAL  WOKD   BOOK. 


syc'o  phant 
syl  la  ble 
syl  la  bus 
syl  lo  gism 
sy  nop'sis 
sy  rin  ga 
scle  rot  ic 
splie  roid  al 
spas  mod  ic 
sar  cas  tic 


antag'onism 

allop'athy 

anom'aly 

ae'rial 

acad'emy 

antith'esis 

antip'odes 

antisep'tic 

amauro'sis 

cat'alepsy 

crite'rion 

catas'trophe 

chame'lcon 

chalyb'eate 

cat'egory 

calisthen'ics 


hypoc'risy 
hyste'ria 
hypoth'esis 
hilar 'ity 


stra  bis'mus 
tal'is  man 
tet  a  nus 
tel  e  scope 
tel  e  phone 
tech  ni  cal 
the  ory 
trag  e  dy 
trag  a  canth 
tril  0  bite 


tym'pa  num 
trop  i  cal 
typ  i  cal 
trog  lo  dyte 
the  sau'rus 
tra'che  a 
tri  chi'na 
zo'o  phyte 
zy  mot'ic 
a  nath'e  ma 


anon'y  mous 
a  nal  y  sis 
a  poch  ry  phal 
a  pos  tro  phe 
a  pos  ta  sy 
a  rith  me  tic 
as  phyx  i  a 
au  tom  a  ton 
a  ris  to  crat 
a  nach  ro  nisra 


103.  Wcrds  of  Greek  Origin. 

diag'onal 

diaer'esis 

dissyl'lable 

diphthe'ria 

demo'niac 

diarrhoe'a 

diapa'son 

diaton'ic 

epidem'ic 

epiglot'tis 

esoph'a  gus 

empyre'an 

ep'ilepsy 

epicy'cle 

econ'omy 

ellip'tical 


empir'ical 

epit'ome 

ephem'eral 

ethe'real 

eulo'gium 

elec'trotype 

eupho'nious 

enthu'siasm 

gramma'rian 

geom'etry 

gymna'sium 

hexam'eter 

he'lioscope 

hec'tometer 

hypot'enuse 

hip'podrome 


104.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 

hyper'bole  isother'mal 


hyper'trophy 

isos'celes 

iron'ical 


kalei'doscope 

monop'oly 

monog'amy 


ETYMOLOGY. 


117 


misan'thropy 

melo'dcon 

morphol'ogy 

meton'ymy 

mathemat'ics 

metamor'phic 

metaphys'ics 

mon'otheism 

nec'romancy 

necrol'ogy 

neural'gia 

ophthal'mia 


analyt'ical 

apothe'osis 

baromet'rical 

cyclope'dia 

electric'ity 

eleusin'ian 

erysip'elas 

eleemos'ynary 

epigrammat'ic 

ecclesias'tical 

hydroceph'alus 

hypercrit'ical 

liypociit'ical 

hypochon'dria 

hippopot'amus 

hyperbore'an 


ol'igarchy 

olean'der 

paren'thesis 

parhe'lion 

paral'ysis 

periph'ery 

perim'eter 

parab'ola 

periph'rasis 

petro'leum 

pliilos'opliy 

philan'thropy 


phlebot'omy 

phenom'enon 

pyroin'eter 

paregor'ic 

protozo'a 

polyg'amy 

panegyr'ic 

pneumo'nia 

polytech'nic 

stalac'tite 

therapeu'tics 

theod'olite 


105.  Words  of  Greek  Origin. 


hieroglyph'ics 

homoeop'athy 

homoge'neous 

heteroge'neous 

idiosyn'crasy 

icon'oclast 

kleptoma'nia 

meteor'olite 

monochromatic 

monoma'niac 

metaphysi'cian 

metempsycho'sis 

phantasmago'ria 

perihe'lion 

pharmacopoe'ia 

polysyl'lable 


paraphema'lia 

paleontol'ogy 

pandemo'nium 

physiog'nomy 

spermace'ti 

stereoscop'ic 

ste'reotype 

sciat'ica 

synec'doche 

tautol'ogy 

typog'raphy 

trigonom'etry 

theolog'ical 

tyran'nical 

teleg'raphy 

anthropoph'agi 


106. 


Interesting  Derivations. 

Bankrupt.     Money-lenders  in  Italy  used  to  sit- on  a  banco, 
or  bench,  in  the  market-place,  and  "vvhen  one  of  them  was 


118  NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 

unable  to  continue  business,  his  tench  was  broken  up,  and 
he  was  called  a  hancrotto,  or  bankrupt. 

Buckwheat.  A  corruption  of  hoc-wheat,  i.  e.,  beech-wheat; 
so-called  because  the  kernel  is  triangular  like  a  beech-nut. 

Canard  [^canard,  F.  =  a  duck].     A  French  writer,  in 

order  to  test  the  gullibility  of  the  public,  set  afloat  in  the 

newspapers  a  story  that  one  duck  ate  up  nineteen  other 

'ducks,  feathers  and  all.     Hence  an   improbable   story  is 

called  a  canard. 

Desultory.  Roman  circus-riders  that  rode  two  horses, 
leaping  from  one  to  the  other,  were  called  desuUo'res; 
hence  desuUor  came  in  Latin  to  mean  one  who  was  incon- 
stant, or  going  from  one  thing  to  another. 

Good-by.     A  contraction  of  God  he  ivith  you. 

Grass-widow.  A  grace  widow,  a  widow  by  courtesy; 
that  is,  one  temporarily  separated  from  her  husband. 

Gooseberry.  A  corruption  of  Icraus,  or  gorse-herrj.  Gorse 
means  rough,  prichly,  hairy. 

Saunter  [F.,  sainte  terre,  holy  land].  From  idle  persons 
that  roamed  about  the  country,  begging  alms  under  the 
pretence  of  going  on  a  pilgrimage  a  la  samte  terre,  i.  e., 
Palestine,  or  the  Holy  Land. 

Stalwart  [stael-wcorth]  means  worth  stealing.  A  stal- 
wart yeoman  was  one  worth  stealing,  or  taking  captive  in 
warfare. 

Supercilious.  Having  an  elevated  eyebrow ;  that  is, 
raised  in  contempt,  or  scorn.  Shakespeare  speaks  of  "  woe- 
ful ballad  made  to  his  mistress'  eyebrow  ; "  woeful,  because 
she  is  supercilious. 

Lady  [A.  S.,  hlaef-dige,  loaf -server].  One  who  serves 
bread  to  the  family. 

Jerusalem  Artichoke.  A  corruption  of  the  Italian  word 
girasole,  sunflower ;  called  the  girasole  artichoke  because 
its  flower  turns  to  the  sun. 


ETYMOLOGY. 


119 


107.  Curiosities  of  Derivation. 


coil 

= 

con  +  ligare 

=z 

to  bind  together. 

count 

= 

con  -\-putare 

= 

to  reckon  together. 

curfew 

= 

couvre-feu 

= 

to  cover  the  fire. 

dandelioii 

= 

dent-de-Uon 

= 

tooth  of  a  lion. 

debonair 

= 

debon  aire 

z= 

of  fine  air  or  mien. 

kerchief 

= 

couvre-cUef 

— 

to  cover  the  head. 

legerdemain 

— 

hger  de  main 

z= 

light  of  hand. 

madame 

z= 

mea  domina 

z= 

my  mistress. 

rally 

= 

re  +  ad -{-ligare 

= 

to  bind  together  again. 

verdict 

z=z 

vere  dictum 

= 

truly  said. 

verjuice 

= 

vert  j  lis 

= 

green  juice. 

verdigris 

=z 

viride  ceris 

= 

green  of  brass. 

vinegar 

z:z 

vinum  acer 

rz: 

sour  wine. 

108.  Hybrids. 

Note. — As  a  general  rule  Teutonic  suffixes  and  prefixes  are  joined 
to  Teutonic  root-words  ;  Romanic  to  Romanic  roots,  etc. ;  but  there 
are  some  exceptions.  Words  formed  by  a  combination  of  Old  English 
and  Romanic  elements  are  termed  hybrids.  The  following  are  given 
as  a  few  illustrations  : 


I.    English  Words  with  Romanic  Suffixes. 

■ance 

hindr-ance 

further-ance 

forbear-ance 

-age 

bond-age 

tonn-age 

wharf-age 

-ment 

ship-ment 

lodg-ment 

wonder-ment 

-let 

stream-let 

brook-let 

liam-let 

-ess 

godd-ess 

shepherd-ess 

aongstr-ess 

■able 

eat-able 

laugh-able 

read-able 

II.  Romanic 

Words  with  English  Suffixes. 

.M 

fruit-ful 

peace-ful 

grace-fnl 

•ish 

slav-ish 

Rom-ish 

brut-ish 

120 


NOKMAL    WORD  BOOK. 


-less 

■ly 

-ness 
-ship 


over- 

be- 
under- 


merci-less 

intimate-ly 

factious-ness 


passion-less 

savage-ly 

savage-ness 


grace-less 

final-ly 

useful-ness 


court-ship  apprentice-ship 


III,  Momanic  Words  with  English  Prefixes. 

un-fortunate  un-equal  un-aided 

over-rate  over-taxed  over-power 

be-siege  be-powder  be-tray 

under-value  iinder-estimate  under-prize 


IV.   English  Words  with  Momanic  Prefixes. 

dis-  dis-like  dis-masted  dis-heart-en 

re-  re-light  re-build  re-told 


109.  Double  Forms  of  Words  from  the  Same  Root. 

Explain  the  difference  in  signification. 


balsam 

halm 

kill 

quell 

captive 

caitiff 

legal 

loyal 

cadence 

chance 

market 

mart 

cattle 

chattel 

milk 

milch 

estate 

state 

mint 

money 

esquire 

squire 

metal 

mettle 

especial 

special 

person 

parson 

engine 

gin 

penitence 

penance 

fantasy 

fancy 

quiet 

coy 

fact 

.feat 

secure 

sure 

fragile 

frail 

scatter 

shatter 

fidelity 

fealty 

school 

shoal 

flower 

flour 

wagon 

tuain 

genteel 

gentle 

ward 

guard 

history 

story 

wise 

guise 

ETYMOLOGY.  121 

110.  Dictation  Exercise. 

J.   Spelling,  Capitalit,  and  J'unctuation* 

The  imperial  astronomers  of  Clialdea  went  up  almost  to  the  stars 
in  their  observatories;  but  it  was  a  Greek  who  first  foretold  an  eclipse, 
and  measured  the  year.  The  nations  of  the  East  invented  the  alpha- 
bet :  but  not  a  line  has  reached  us  of  profane  literature,  in  any  of 
their  languages — and  it  is  owing  to  the  embalming  power  of  Grecian 
genius,  that  the  invention  itself  has  been  transmitted  to  the  world. 
The  Egyptian  architects  could  erect  structures,  which,  after  three 
thousand  five  hundred  years,  are  still  standing  in  their  uncouth, 
original  majesty  ;  but  it  was  only  on  the  barren  soil  of  Attica,  that 
the  beautiful  columns  of  the  Parthenon  and  the  Theseum  could  rest, 
which  are  standing  also.  With  the  decline  of  liberty  in  Greece, 
began  the  decline  of  all  her  letters,  and  all  her  arts,  though  her 
tumultuous  democracies  were  siicceeded  by  liberal  and  accomplished 
princes. — Edward  Everett. 

IT,  Etymology, 

1.  Count  the  words  in  this  paragraph. 

2.  Italicize  the  words  of  Latin  or  Greek  derivation. 

3.  Find  the  per  cent  of  Teutonic  or  Anglo-Saxon  derivation. 

111.  Dictation  Exercise. 

I.  Spellinr/f  J^unctuution,  and  Capitals. 
In  all  its  history  it  has  been  beneficent.  It  has  trodden  down  no 
man's  liberty,  it  has  crushed  no  State.  Its  daily  respiration  is  liberty 
and  patriotism.  Its  youthful  veins  are  full  of  enterprise,  courage, 
and  honorable  love  of  glory  and  renown.  Large  before,  the  country 
has  now,  by  recent  events,  become  vastly  larger.  This  Republic  now 
extends,  with  a  vast  breadth,  across  the  whole  continent.  The  two 
great  seas  of  the  world  wash  the  one  and  the  other  shore.  We  realize 
on  a  mighty  scale  the  beautiful  description  of  the  ornamental  edging 
of  the  bucklers  of  Achilles — 

"  Now  the  broad  shield  complete,  the  artist  crowned 
With  his  last  hand,  and  poured  the  ocean  round. 
In  living  silver  seemed  the  waves  to  roll. 
And  beat  the  buckler's  verge  and  bound  the  whole." 

— Daniel  Webster. 

IT.   Etymology, 

Find  the  per  cent  of  classical  words. 


122  NORMAL  WORD    BOOK. 

112.  Dictation  Exercise. 

Treat  as  in  111  and  112. 

Oh  !  But  he  was  a  tight-fisted  hand  at  the  grindstone,  Scrooge ! 
a  squeezing,  wrenching,  grasping,  scraping,  clutching,  covetous  old 
sinner  !  Hard  and  sharp  as  flint,  from  which  no  steel  had  ever  struck 
out  generous  fire  ;  secret,  and  self-contained,  and  solitary  as  an  oyster. 
The  cold  within  him  froze  his  old  features,  nipped  his  pointed  nose, 
shriveled  his  cheek,  stiffened  his  gait ;  made  his  eyes  red,  his  thin 
lips  blue  ;  and  spoke  out  shrewdly  in  his  grating  voice.  A  frosty 
rime  was  on  his  head,  and  on  his  eyebrows,  and  his  wiry  chin.  He 
carried  his  own  low  temperature  always  about  with  him  ;  he  iced  his 
office  in  the  dog-days  ;  and  didn't  thaw  it  one  degree  at  Christmas. 

113.  Dictation  Exercise. 

Two  men  I  honor,  and  no  third.  First,  the  toil-worn  craftsman 
that  with  earth-made  implement  laboriously  conquers  the  earth  and 
makes  her  man's.  Venerable  to  me  is  the  hard  hand,  crooked,  coarse, 
wherein  notwithstanding  lies  a  cunning  virtue,  indefeasibly  royal  as 
of  the  sceptre  of  this  planet.  Venerable  too  is  the  rugged  face,  all 
weather-tanned,  besoiled,  with  its  rude  intelligence,  for  it  is  the  face 
of  a  man  living  manlike.  O,  but  the  more  venerable  for  thy  rude- 
ness, and  even  because  we  must  pity  as  well  as  love  thee,  hardly- 
entreated  brother  ! — Thomas  Carlyle. 

1(4.  Dictation  Exercise. 

Had  the  Plantagenets,  as  at  one  time  seemed  likely,  succeeded  in 
uniting  all  France  under  their  government,  it  is  probable  that  Eng- 
land would  never  have  had  an  independent  existence.  The  noble 
language  of  Milton  and  Burke  would  have  remained  a  rustic  dialect 
without  a  literature,  a  fixed  grammar,  or  a  fixed  orthography,  and 
would  have  been  contemptuously  abandoned  to  the  use  of  boors.  No 
man  of  English  extraction  would  have  risen  to  eminence,  except  by 
becoming,  in  speech  and  habits,  a  Frenchman. — Macaulay. 


P^RT    IV 


SYNONYMS 


^J«<c 


Note. — Synonyms  are  words  that  agree  in  their  general  meaning, 
but  differ  in  their  special  application  ;  hence,  a  careful  study  of  their 
shades  of  signification  is  required  in  order  to  secure  accuracy  and 
elegance  in  their  use.  In  the  study  of  the  following  elementary  les- 
sons, pupils  should  be  trained  to  make  use  of  the  Unabridged  Dic- 
tionary. 

I.  Adjectives. 

ancient  Is  opposed  to  modern ;  as,  ancient  ruins  and 

castles. 
old  Is  opposed  to  neiv  and  young ;  as,  old  things 

and  men. 

antique  Relates  to  ancient  style  of  art. 

antiquated     To  what  is  old,  and  out  of  date  or  fashion. 

contagious      Means  spread  by  actual  contact. 
infectious       Communicated  in  any  manner. 

corporal  Pertaining  to  the  body  externally;  as,  cor- 

poral punishment. 

corporeal  Eclating  to  internal  structure ;  as,  corporeal 
substance. 

enormous  Out  of  rule  ;  as,  enormous  expense, 

immense  Out  of  measure  ;  as,  immense  expanse, 

everlasting  Means  having  no  end. 

eternal  Having  neither  hcginning  nor  end. 


124 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


general  Includes  nearly  all. 

universal  Includes  entirely  all. 

great  Implies    extent ;    as,    great   barns,    fields, 

lakes,  etc. 

grand  Includes  the  idea  of  greatness  and  supe- 

riority. 
sublime  Expresses  the  highest  degree  of  grandeur. 

human  Pertaining  to  man  ;  it  denotes  what  we  are, 

humane  Kind  ;  it  denotes  what  we  ought  to  he. 

2.  Synonymous  Adjectives. 

handsome  Applies  to  what  is  striking,  grand,  or  noble ; 

as,  handsome  men,  horses,  etc. 

pretty  To   what  is  small,   delicate,   or  fine ;    as, 

pretty  girls,  flowers,  etc. 

beautiful  Is  a  higher  term  than  either  pretty  or  hand- 

some, and  has  a  wider  application ;  as, 
beautiful  landscapes,  women,  etc. 

impracticable    From  the  circufnstances  of  the  case. 

impossible  From  the  nature  of  things. 

inevitable  From  the  nature  of  things. 

unavoidable       From  circumstances. 

indolent  Averse  to  action  of  any  kind. 

lazy  Averse  to  2VorJc,  labor,  or  useful  employment. 

ignorant  Lacking  knowledge  or  information. 

illiterate  Lacking  education,  or  the  ability  to  read 

and  write. 

high  Is  opposed  to  lotv  ;  as,  high  hills,  houses,  etc. 

lofty  Includes  the  idea  of  grandeur  as  well  as 

height. 

noted  Well  known  for  good  qualities. 

notorious  Well  knovv^n  for  had  qualities. 


SYNONYMS. 


125 


primary  First  in  order  of  place  or  rank ;  as,  primary 

schools,  readers,  etc. 
primeval        First  in  order  of  age  ;  as,  "This  is  the  forest 

primeval." 
primitive        First  in  order  of  time  ;  as,  primitive  customs. 


3.  Nouns. 

Require  pupils  to  illustrate  the  proper  use  of  each  word 
by  constructing  sentences. 

abstinence      Is  the  act  of  refraining  from  using  at  all. 
temperance     Consists  in  the  moderate  enjoyment  of  things. 

artist  One  skilled  in  the  fine  arts,  such  as  painting, 

music,  etc. 
artisan  One  skilled  in  the  mechanical  trades. 

burial  Is  the  act  of  putting  into  the  ground, 

interment       Is  the  act  of  burying  with  ceremony. 

courage  Is  the  quality  that  enables  us  to  meet  danger 

bravely, 
fortitude        Enables  us  to  bear  pain  or  suffering. 

customs  Are  the  established  practices  of  a  people  or 

society. 
manners         Eelate  to  the  behavior  of  individuals  toward 

others. 

conduct  Relates  to  actions  in  general  in  all  places, 

behavior         Includes  particular  actions  on  special  occa- 
sions. 

character       Lies  in  the  qualities  of  a  person, 
reputation      Consists  in  what  is  said  of  a  person. 

competition    Is  a  struggle  for  superiority  over  others, 
emulation      Is  an  effort  to  imitate  and  equal. 


126 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


doubt  Arises  from  want  of  evidence. 

suspense  Arises  from  want  of  certainty. 

humor  Consists  in  an  amusing  arrangement  of  ideas. 

wit  In  a  brilliant  and  unexpected  combination. 

humor  Is  genial,  and  laughs  luith  people, 

wit  Is  cutting,  and  laughs  at  people, 
haughtiness    Springs  from  self-esteem. 

disdain  Springs  from  a  low  opinion  of  others. 


4.  Synonymous  Nouns. 

instant  An  instant  is  the  shortest  conceivable  point 

of  time. 
moment  A  moment  is  a  little  longer  than  an  instant. 

informant       An  informant  is  one  who  tells  anything. 
informer         An  informer  is  one  who  tells  from  interested 

motives. 

inability         Means  lack  of  power  from  the  nature  of  things. 
disability        Arises  from  circumstances,  and  may  be  tem- 
porary. 

impediments  Hinder  progress,  and  must  be  removed, 

obstacles  Stand  in  the  way,  and  must  be  surmounted, 

knowledge  Is  a  general  term  for  whatever  is  known, 

science  Signifies  systematized  or  classified  knowledge, 

killiiig  Is  the  mere  act  of  taking  life. 

murder  Is  the  malicious  killing  of  a  human  being, 

maxims  Are  evident  truths  in  morals, 

axioms  Are  evident  truths  in  science, 

neglect  Is  the  act  of  leaving  something  undone, 

negligence  Is  the  habit  of  leaving  things  undone, 

name  Is  a  general  term  applied  to  anything. 

appellation  Is  a  descriptive  name  expressing  some  quality. 


SYl^ONYMS. 


127 


news  May  be  expected  or  not,  important  or  unim- 

portant. 

tidings  Is  applied   only  to   expected,   important,  or 

personal  news. 

pretences        Are  made  to  conceal  the  real  purposes, 
pretexts  Are  given  to  conceal  actions. 

persuasion      Is  the  act  of  affecting  the  feelings  or  will, 
conviction      Is  the  act  of  influencing  the  reason  and  judg- 
ment. 

plenty  Includes  all  that  is  needful. 

abundance      Expresses  the  idea  of  more  than  is  needed. 

pride  Is  based  on  a  high  opinion  of  ourselves, 

vanity  On  a  desire  for  the  good  opinion  of  others. 

truth  Concerns  what  is  said. 

veracity  Concerns  the  person  who  says  it. 


5.  Verbs. 

assent'  We  assent'  by  an  act  of  the  understanding,  to 

the  views  or  opinions  of  others. 

consent'  We  consent'  by  an   act   of  the   will  or  the 

feelings. 

ask  Is  Teutonic,  general,  and  colloquial, 

inquire  Is  Eomanic  and  S2)ecijic. 

build  Is  a  general  term  of  Teutonic  origin. 

construct  Of  Romanic  origin,  means  to  build  with  care 
or  skill ;  as,  we  huild  anything ;  we  con- 
struct complicated  machines. 

discover  To  make  known  existing  things  unknown 

before  ;  as,  discover  new  lands. 

invent  To  find  out  by  making  new  combinations  of 

things  ;  as,  invent  printing,  gunpowder,  etc. 


128 


KORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


educate  To  develop  all  the  faculties  of  body  or  mind, 

instruct  To  give  information  or  directions. 

equivocate      To  convey  a  double  meaning. 
prevaricate     To  evade  tlie  question  at  issue  by  false  state- 
ments. 

forbid  To  merely  tell  a  person  not  to  do. 

prohibit  To  forbid  in  a  formal  or  judicial  manner. 

do  Is  Teutonic  and  general ;  we  do  anything. 

perform  Is  Romanic,  and  means  to'  do  thoroughly,  or 

to  do  some  particular  thing  or  task. 

should  Implies  the  obligation  of  custom. 

ought  Implies  duty  ;  it  is  strotiger  than  should. 


6.  Verbs  in  Sentences. 

accent'  Syllables  ;  emphasize  words. 

cry  From  pain  ;  iveep  from  grief. 

differ  We  differ  in  opinion ;   dispute  about  differ- 

ences ;  quarrel  after  dis]3uting,  and  fight  to 
settle  quarrels. 

excuse  We  excuse  mistakes  ;  forgive  injuries. 

exonerate  We  exonerate  others  from  blame ;  exculpate 
ourselves. 

esteem  We  esteem  for  merit ;   respect  for  character ; 

honor  for  superiority ;  reverence  for  holi- 
ness. 

enlarge  We  enlarge  by  adding  to  extent  of  surface ; 

increase  number,  bulk,  or  quantity. 

have  We  have  what  we  hold;  p)ossess  what  we  own 

and  have. 

see  We  see  by  merely  opening  the  eyes ;  olserve 

by  looking  at  closely. 


SYNONYMS. 


129 


7.  Active  and  Passive  Synonyms. 

antipathy       Is  di  feeling  against, 

aversion         Is  an  active  feeling  against,  expressed  by  turn- 
ing away  from, 

approbation   A  state  of  feeling  awakened  in  the  mind, 
approval        The  act  of  commending. 

belief  Is  a  passive  acceptance  of  facts  or  truth, 

faith  Is  active^  and  expresses  strong  belief. 

culture  Relates  to  condition  as  the  results  of  improve- 

ment, 
cultivation     Relates  to  the  act  of  improving. 

civility  Is  passive  courtesy  required  by  custom, 

politeness       Is  the  result  of  an  active  desire  to  please. 

capacity         Relates  to  the  power  of  receiving  and  holding, 
ability  Signifies  inherent  power  to  do, 

ease  Relates  more  to  the  condition  of  the  doer. 

facility  To  the  readiness  with  which  the  actor  does 

anything. 

fertile  Implies  a  condition  capable  of  producing  ;  as, 

a  fertile  soil. 
fruitful  Signifies    actually    producing ;    as,    fruitful 

fields,  gardens,  etc. 

honorable       Worthy  to  be  honored ;  as,  honorable  services, 
honored  Actually  receiving  honor  ;  as,  honored  heroes. 

malignant      Having  malice  ;  as,  a  malignant  disposition, 
malicious        Actually  exerting  malice  ;  as,  malicious  deeds. 

peaceful         In  a  passive  state  of  peace, 
peaceable       Desiring  peace  ;  as  peaceable  tribes. 


130 


KOBMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


8.  Active  and  Passive  Synonyms. 

rational  Means  having  the  quality  of  reason  ;  as,  Man 

is  a  rational  being. 
reasonable      Signifies  actually  exercising  reason ;  as.  The 

teacher  made  a  reasonable  request. 
strength         Implies  the  possession  of  power. 
force  Is  power  positively  exerted. 

fortitude         Is  the  passive  power  of  enduring. 
bravery  Is  the  active  power  of  meeting  danger. 

posture  Signifies  a  passive  position, 

attitude  A  studied  position  for  effect. 

unbelief  Is  a  negative  state  of  mind  ;  a  mere  failure  to 

admit  the  truth  of  any  proposition. 

disbelief  Is  a  positive  rejection  of  anything  after  con- 
sidering proofs. 


9.  Synonyms  of  Degree. 

appears  Is  applied  more  to  the  senses ;  as,  The  sun 

appears  through  the  clouds. 
seems  More  to  the  mind ;  as.  The  story  seems  to  be 

true. 
companions    Are  persons  occasionally  in  our  comj)any. 
associates        Are  our  habitual  companions, 
charge  Means  the  direct  care  of  anything. 

management  Is  the  direction  of  important  business  affairs. 
allow  By  tacit  consent  what  is  not  objected  to. 

permit  By  formal  consent  what  is  asked  for. 

alter  Anything  by  making  it  different. 

change  By  putting  something  else  in  its  place, 

confuse  Means  to  bewilder  the  mind, 

confound        To  stupefy  the  faculties. 


SYK03TTMS. 


131 


definite  Leaves  nothing  to  be  explained  ;  as,  definite 

instructions. 

positive  Leaves  no  room  for  doubt ;  as,  positive  com- 

mands. 

remember       By  a  spontaneous  action  of  the  mind, 
recollect         By  a  specific  effort  of  the  mind. 

glaring  Relates  to  the  thing  ;  as,  a  glaring  lie. 

bare-faced       Relates  to  the  person  ;  as,  a  bare-faced  liar. 

untruth  Merely  a  statement  that  is  not  true. 

falsehood        An  intentional  untruth,  harmless  or  otherwise, 
lie  A  deliberate  falsehood   for  the  purpose   of 

deceiving. 

face  Natural  features  ;  as,  the  human  face  divine. 

countenance   The  expression  of  the  face;  as,  the  light  of 
your  countenance. 

10.  Synonyms  of  Degree. 

evident  Means  clear  or  plain ;  as.  His  guilt  was  evi- 

dent. 

obvious  Is  unmistakably  evident ;   as,  His  confusion 

was  obvious. 

excite  Means  to  stir  up  the  feelings ;  as,  T\ie  news 

excited  the  people, 
incite  To  urge  on  to  action  ;  as.  The  leaders  incited 

the  mob  to  open  violence. 

forsaken         Means  left  by  others, 
forlorn  Utterly  forsaken. 

defective        Lacking  in  some  respect. 

faulty  Having  something  actually  wrong. 

inhuman         Cruel  from  lack  of  feeling, 
barbarous       Actually  delighting  in  cruelty. 


132 


NORMAL   WORD  BOOK. 


reports  Things  said  generally. 

rumors  i'ljing  reports. 

idle  Means  doing  nothing  at  some  particular  time. 

indolent  Naturally  averse  to  any  kind  of  effort. 

miserable        Relates  to  the  state  of  mind  or  feelings. 
wretched        To   condition   as    regards   external   circum- 
stances. 

pleasure         Is  a  short    state  of    enjoyment    dependent 

mainly  on  the  senses. 
happiness       Is  continued  pleasure  dependent  upon  the 

disposition. 

should  Implies  obligation, 

ought  Very  strong  obligation. 

trifling  Of  little  importance, 

trivial  Of  less  importance. 

repartee  Means  a  witty  reply, 

retort  A  sharp  or  cutting  reply. 

loquacious      Very  talkative. 
garrulous       foolishly  loquacious. 

absurd  Means  without  reason. 

ridiculous       Both  absurd  and  laughable. 

Require  each  pupil  to  add  20  pairs  of  words  to  the  pre- 
ceding. 


tl.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

arg^e  To  adduce  reasons  for  or  against. 

debate  To  interchange  arguments  in  a  formal  manner. 

attack  To  attack  is  to  begin  an  onset, 

assail  To  make  a  sudden  and  violent  attack. 

assault  To  leap  upon  ;  to  assail  vehemently. 


SYN0NY3rS. 


133 


attempt 
endeavor 
effort 
exertion 

ask 
request 

beg 

accordingly 
consequently 

account 
narrative 

accuse 
arraign 

anticipate 
expect 

apprehension 
alarm 

acute 
subtile 


An  attempt  is  a  specific  trial  to  do. 
An  endeavor  is  a  continued  attempt. 
An  effort  is  a  sudden  trial. 
Is  a  trial  of  full  strength. 

Is  a  Teutonic  generic  term. 

To  request  is  to  ask  politely  for  some  par- 
ticular thing. 

Is  used  interchangeably  with  both  ask  and 
request. 

Marks  a  natural  connection. 
Marks  a  logical  connection. 

Is  a  general  description  taken  as  a  whole. 
Is  a  detailed  description  of  a  connected  train 
of  events. 

To  accuse  is  to  make  a  formal  charge  against. 
To  accuse  before  a  tribunal  of  justice. 

Both  words  convey  the  idea  of  looking  before- 
hand ;  but  exj^ect  is  the  stronger  term. 

Moderate  sense  of  danger. 
Strong  sense  of  immediate  danger. 

Capable  of  piercing  facts  as  with  the  point  of 

a  needle. 
Capable   of  spinning    out  a  fine  thread  of 

intricate  thought. 


12.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

adhesion         Is  used  in  reference  to  material  substances, 
adherence       To  principles  of  belief. 

beside  Is  used  only  and  always  as  a  preposition. 

besides  Is  an  adverb,  signifying  "in  addition  to,' 

moreover,  beyond. 


134 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


bound  We  are  bound  by  duty  or  contract, 

obliged  We  are  obliged  to  do  things  by  necessity. 

besides  Introduces  an  additional  reason. 

moreover  Introduces  a  supplemental  or  superfluous  one. 

compel  To  force  by  direct  means. 

coerce  To  force  by  indirect  or  by  legal  means. 

cessation  Is  either  a  temporary  or  a  final  stop, 

pause  Is  a  temporary  stop. 

rest  Is  a  stop  for  relief. 

intermission  Is  a  stop  at  intervals. 

mortification  Is  pain  from  wounded  pride, 

chagrin  Is  keen  mortification. 

conceal  Is  merely  not  to  make  known, 

secrete  Is  to  hide  with  extreme  care. 

current  Carries  only  the  single  idea  of  running, 

stream  Conveys  the  idea  of  onward  flow  caused  by 
uniform  force. 

candid  Free  from  reserve  or  prejudice ;  candid  re- 
marks, 

frank  Speaking  without  restraint ;  frank  manners, 

sincere  Speaking  without  untruth. 


13.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

continual  Having  no  interruption  in  time, 

continuous  Having  no  interruption  in  space, 

constant  Admitting  of  no  change, 

perpetual  Having  no  end.  . 

compare  Things  that  are  somewhat  alike, 

contrast  Things  that  are  strikingly  unlike. 

disdain  Is  indignant  contempt. 

scorn  Is  extreme  disdain. 


SYNONYMS. 


135 


decided  Settled  beyond  doubt ;  tipplied  to  both  per- 

sons and  things. 

decisive  Is  applied  to  things  only ;  conclusive  ;  end- 

ing the  matter. 

design  A  design  is  a  specific  aim. 

intention        Relates  to  the  general  state  of  mind  or  feelings. 

purpose  A  settled  choice  or  determination. 

disposition      Is  a  constitutional  state  of  mind. 
temper  Is  a  variable  state  of  mind  as  regards  the 

feelings  and  passions. 

deist  A  deist  believes  in  God  but  not  in  revelation, 

atheist  An  atheist  disbelieves  in  both  God  and  reve- 

lation. 

delightful       Relates  to  a  state  of  mind, 
delicious         Relates  to  the  state  of  the  senses  in  matters 
of  taste,  touch,  and  smell. 

entreat  To  ask  earnestly, 

beseech  To  entreat  strongly, 

implore  To  beseech  with  fervor, 

supplicate  To  implore  of  suj^eriors. 

enmity  A  hostile  state  of  feeling. 

rancor  Intense,  deep-seated,  personal  hatred. 


(4.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

evident  From  being  clearly  proved, 

obvious  Needing  no  proof. 

expect  What  is  likely  to  happen, 

hope  for  What  we  desire  to  happen. 

equivocal  Having  a  double  meaning, 

ambiguous  Apparently  having  two  meanings. 


136 


]S^OKMAL   WOKD   BOOK. 


fallacy  Is  professed  reasoning  evidently  false, 

sophistry  Is  false  reasoning  skillfully  concealed. 

fervor  Is  a  boiling  heat ;  fervid  declamation. 

ardor  Is  a  burning  heat ;  ardent  friendship, 

genius  The  power  to  create  ideas, 

talent  The  power  to  use  ideas. 

grace  May  be  a  gift  of  nature, 

elegance  Is  the  result  of  cultivation. 

hinder  "What  is  unfinished  or  uncompleted, 

prevent  What  is  not  begun. 

incapable  From  absolute  want  of  natural  power, 

incompetent  From  a  temporary  lack  of  power. 

impending  Something  hanging  over  us. 

imminent  Something  ready  to  fall  on  the  instant. 

impudence  Is  unblushing  impertinence, 

effrontery  Is  brazen-faced  impudence  in  public. 


15.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

lifeless  Is  applied  to  bodies  capable  of  life, 

inanimate        To  things  not  capable  of  life. 
dead  Is  a  general  term   applied  to  things  both 

capable  and  incapable  of  life. 

murder  The  unlawful  killing  of  a  human  being  with 

malice  aforethought. 

manslaughter  The  unlawful  killing  of  a  human  being  with- 
out premeditation. 

homicide  The  unlawful   killing  of  a  human  being, 

generally  applied  to  killing  in  self-defence 
or  by  accident. 

motion  Denotes  the  act  of  moving. 

movement         The  manner  of  moving. 


SYNONYMS. 


137 


meaning  Is  a  Teutonic  word  of  general  application. 
We  speak  of  the  meaning  of  words  or  sen- 
tences. 

signification  The  act  of  making  known,  is  a  Romanic  word 
of  limited  application  ;  as,  The  signification 
of  a  word. 

observance     Is  the  act  of  keeping ;  as,  The  observance  of 

Sunday. 
observation    Is  the  act  of  considering  attentively,  or  some 

remark  made  about  the  result  of  considering. 

pupil  In  connection  with  school,  these  words  are 

scholar  interchangeable.      In    strict    signification, 

pupil  carries  the  idea  of  more  direct  super- 
vision. 

picture  Is  a  general  term  for  any  kind  of  drawing, 

painting         Is  a  representation  by  means  of  colors. 


16.  Miscellaneous  Synonyms. 

pique  A  slight  resentment, 

spite  A  settled  resentment, 

grudge  A  long-settled  ill-feeling. 

rancor  Deep  seated  hatred. 

rage  Is  vehement  and  excessive  anger, 

fury  Is  excessive  rage. 

robust  Having  the  constitutional  ability  to  bear  labor 

or  fatigue, 

strong  Having  power  to  act. 

repeat  Is  to  utter  or  express  a  second  time, 

reiterate  Is  to  repeat  many  times. 

spectator  A  looker-on. 

observer  One  who  looks  on  attentively. 


138 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


sentimental 

romantic 

sulky 

sullen 

terror 

consternation 
terse 
laconic 

concise 
usefulness 

utility 


Implies  an  excess  of  the  sensibilities. 

An  excess  of  wild  imagination. 

Having  temporary  fits  of  occasional  ill- 
humor. 

Having  an  innate  dispositi'on  to  habitual 
sulkiness. 

Is  excessive  fright  or  fear. 

Is  excessive  and  bewildering  terror. 

Concise  and  elegant. 

In  the  fewest  possible  words,  with  implied 

incivility. 
Having  only  the  words  necessary. 

Teutonic  word,  applied  to  concrete  and  com- 
mon things. 

Romanic,  and  used  in  a  more  general  and 
abstract  sense. 


17.  Defining  by  Means  of  a  Generic  Term. 

Generic  Term—-''  Building." 

building         Anything  built    or    constructed,   as    house, 

barn,  etc. 
structure         A  large  and  imposing  building, 
edifice  A  large  and  elegant  building, 

pile  A  large  building  or  a  mass  of  buildings, 

house  A  building  for  shelter,  especially  of  man. 

mansion  A  large,  fine,  and  costly  house, 

palace  A  magnificent  building  for  the  residence  of 

kings  or  nobles. 
church  A  building  for  religious  worship  by  Christians. 

temple  A  magnificent  building  for  religious  worship. 

cathedral        A  building  for  religious  worship,  the  largest 

in  the  diocese,  containing  the  chair  of  the 

bishop. 


SYNONYMS. 


139 


synagogue  A  Jewish  house  of  worship. 

mosque  A  Mohammedan  house  of  worship. 

pagoda  A  pagan  house  of  worship. 

hotel  A  large  building  for  the  entertainment  of 

travelers, 

villa  A  fine  country  house, 

cottage  A  small  house, 

cabin  A  small,  mean  house, 

hut  A  small,  rude  building  for  shelter. 

barn  A  building  for  the  shelter  of  cattle,  or  the 

storing  of  farm  products. 

stable  A  building  for  the  shelter  of  horses, 

castle  A  strongly-built  or  fortified  building. 

barracks  Buildings  for  the  shelter  of  soldiers. 

kennel  A  house  for  dogs. 

18.  Dictionary  Exercise. 
In  a  similar  manner  define  the  following  groups  of  tvords : 


I.  lioom. 

chamber 

court 

boudoir 

attic 

parlor 

hall 

dormitory 

garret 

kitchen 

saloon 

nursery 

basement 

apartment 

state-room        study 

cellar 

office 

closet 

studio 

II,  Vessel, 

pantry 

ship 

corvette 

boat            steamer 

coaster 

barque 

cutter 

launch        steamboat 

i      frigate 

brig 

smack 

wherry       steamship 

man-of-war 

sloop 

yawl 

scull            packet 

ironclad 

schooner 

skiff 

canoe          whaler 

monitor 

junk 

barge 

gondola      collier 

ram 

140 


NOKMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


19.  Dictionary  Exercise. 

Under  the  following  generic  terms  group  from  2  to  10 


words  havi 

Lng  a  somewhat  similar 

meaning. 

axiom 

clear 

give 

law 

speak 

advice 

draw 

go 

motion 

secret 

answer 

danger 

God 

mind 

send 

apparel 

destroy 

heart 

order 

see 

bind 

equal 

hard 

power 

take 

belief 

fall 

help 

prove 

teach 

break 

force 

kill 

play 

work 

conduct 

famous 

leave 

skill 

worship 

20.  Discrimination  of  Synonyms. 

[Model  Exercise.] 

1.  Act,  a  single  action ;  Deed,  a  voluntary  act.  Differ- 
ence of  general  and  particular  ;  as,  This  act  of  charity  was 
only  one  of  his  many  good  deeds. 

2.  Force,  active  power  ;  Energy,  inherent  power.  Differ- 
ence between  external  and  internal ;  as,  He  controlled  his 
associates  by  his  strong  force  of  character  and  his  energy 
of  action. 

3.  Exertion  is  general  and  continued ;  Effort  is  specific. 
Difference  between  general  and  i)articular ;  as,  He  failed 
after  all  his  exertions,  though  he  made  a  final  effort  of 
great  power. 

4.  Work,  active,  useful  exertion  ;  Labor,  continuous  work. 
Difference  between  occasional  and  liabitual ;  as,  Labor  was 
distasteful  to  him,  though  he  sometimes  did  short  jobs  of 
work, 

5.  Task,  set  work ;  Toil,  excessive  labor ;  as,  Our  daily 
tasks  at  school  seemed  light  when  compared  with  our  toil 
oh  the  farm. 


SYNONYMS. 


141 


6.  Employment,  specific  work  ;  Occupation,  regular  work. 
This  man  had  no  occicpation,  but  he  sometimes  found  em- 
ployme7it  in  doing  odd  jobs  and  chores  for  his  neighbors. 

7.  Business,  general  occupation ;  Pursuit,  specific  occu- 
pation. 

8.  Industry,  habitual  labor ;  Diligence,  earnest  and  sus- 
tained labor,  mental  rather  than  manual. 


21.  Discrimination  of  Synonyms. 

Note. — In  the  following  i)airs  of  words,  the  first  word  is  of  Teu- 
tonic or  Anglo-Saxon  origin,  the  second  of  Komanic  derivation.  In 
general,  the  words  of  classical  derivation  are  used  in  the  more  formal 
or  more  elevated  styles  of  expression  ;  those  of  Teutonic  or  Anglo- 
Saxon  origin,  in  the  more  familiar  forms  of  speech.  Scientific  names 
and  law-terms  are  generally  of  classical  derivation. 

daily  Both  words  relate  to  day,  but  the  first  is  collo- 

diurnal  quial  and  general ;   the  other  scientific  and 

exact ;  as,  A  daily  paper,   but  the  diurnal 

rotation  of  the  earth. 

fatherly      Difference  as  above.    We  speak  oi  fatherly  care, 
paternal         but  of  the  paternal  mansion  or  name. 

warm  Both  words  have  the  general  idea  of  moderate 

tepid  heat,  but  tepid  expresses  less  than  warm  and 

is  more  definite. 

bequeath     We  may  bequeath  anything  in  an  informal  man- 
devise  ner.    We  devise  only  property,  and  by  written 
legal  forms. 

gather         Both  words  contain  the  idea  of  bringing  together, 
collect  but  collect  expresses  more  than  gather ;   as, 

We  gather  flowers  or  fruit ;    we  collect  rare 

shells,  books,  or  paintings 


142 


NOKMAL  WOKD   BOOK. 


begin  is  the  generic  term  ;  we  begin  anything. 

commence  is  applied  more  formally ;  we  commence  impor- 
tant undertakings. 
backbone    is  Anglo-Saxon,  used  colloquially. 
vertebra     is  Latin,  used  as  an  exact  term  in  anatomy. 


22.  Synonyms— Teutonic  with  Romanic. 


Point  out  the  difference  in 

the  application. 

Teutonic. 

Komanic. 

Teutonic. 

Komanic. 

answer 

reply. 

crazy 

insane 

blessing 

benediction 

climb 

ascend 

brotherly 

fraternal 

clothes 

garments 

boyish 

puerile 

darken 

obscure 

bondage 

servitude 

die 

expire 

buy 

2mr  chase 

daring 

audacious 

business 

occupation 

dread 

terror 

building 

edifice 

do 

perform 

backbone 

vertebra 

earthly 

terrestrial 

beginning 

commencement 

eatable 

edible 

behold 

view 

eastern 

oriental 

build 

construct 

enough 

sufficient 

brittle 

fragile 

elder 

senior 

behead 

decapitate 

egg-shaped 

ovate 

cat-like 

feline 

end 

termination 

dried 

desiccated 

guess 

conjecture 

23.  Synonyms. 

eat 

devour 

freeze 

congeal 

friendly 

amicable 

farming 

agriculture 

fullness 

pleiiittide 

freedom 

liberty 

food 

victuals 

father 

papa 

fodder 

provender 

forswear 

perjure 

forsake 

abandon 

fleshiness 

corpulence 

frighten 

intimidate 

fat 

obese 

SYNOXYMS. 

] 

Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

Teutonic 

Romanic. 

friend 

associate 

have 

possess 

folks 

people 

hurt 

injure 

guest 

visitor 

heathen 

pagan 

gift 

present 

hatred 

enmity 

grave 

sepulchre 

hinder 

delay 

guilty 

criminal 

heedless 

careless 

ghost 

api)arition 

house 

mansion 

get 

acquire 

happen 

occicr 

ham 

hacon 

hard 

difficult 

24. 

Synonyms. 

heavenly 

celestial 

motherly 

maternal 

hearer 

auditor 

mother 

mamma 

hearty 

cordial 

mighty 

po2verful 

idle  . 

indolent 

meaning 

signification 

inborn 

innate 

nose-gay 

bouquet 

keeping 

custody 

overcome 

conquer 

kingly 

regal 

overflow 

inundation 

kindred 

relatives 

overbearing 

domineering 

knowledge 

science 

outside 

exterior 

kind 

species 

outward 

external 

knee-pan 

patella 

overseer 

supervisor 

loving 

affectionate 

ownership 

possession 

living 

existing 

outdo 

surjMss 

last 

final 

pick 

select 

likeness 

image 

put 

place 

lucky 

fortunate 

priestly 

sacerdotal 

25. 

Synonyms. 

right 

equitaUe 

shame 

disgrace 

see 

perceive 

soul 

spirit 

stay 

remain 

shorten 

abbreviate 

143 


144 


KOKMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


Teutonic. 

Bomanic. 

Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

shock 

concussion 

toughness 

tenacity 

strengthen 

invigorate 

tasteless 

insipid 

shun 

avoid 

teachable 

docile 

scatter 

disperse 

threat 

menace 

sweat 

perspiration 

talk 

conversation 

smell 

odor 

therefore 

consequently 

slaughter 

carnage 

unwise 

injudicious 

sugary 

saccharine 

uprightness 

rectitude 

quicken 

accelerate 

weight 

gravity 

timely 

seasonable 

want 

necessity 

true 

veracious 

watery 

aqueous 

26. 

Synonyms. 

weak 

impotent 

wedlock 

matrimony 

woman 

female 

wooer 

suitor 

womanly 

feminine 

wages 

salary 

womanish 

effeminate 

watchful 

vigila7it 

wealth 

riches 

welfare 

prosperity 

work 

labor 

witness 

depo7ient 

workman 

laborer 

whim 

caprice 

workhouse 

alms-house 

wickedness 

iiiiquity 

woods 

forest 

worship 

adoration 

worth 

value 

wan 

pallid 

worthy 

.  deserving 

weighty 

ponderous 

wish 

desire 

withstand 

op2JOse 

wrath 

indignation 

warlike 

hostile 

wordy 

verbose 

warrior 

soldier 

wife 

spouse 

wonder 

astonishment 

wedding 

7narriage 

wrong 

injury 

27.  Synonyms. 

Give  a  Teutonic  synonym  for  each  Eoman  word, 
intrinsic  opprobrium      par'venu  transform 

irrigate  odium  res'taurant        fumigate 


SYNONYMS. 

145 

languor 

onus 

douceur 

perfume 

nonchalance 

quondam 

madame' 

language 

•f  occult 

requiem 

penchant 

illiterate 

occidental 

brilliance 

denouement 

osseous 

oriental 

fracas 

provisions 

salutary 

osculation 

grievance 

tete-a-tete 

subterraneous 

saponaceous 

parlance 

agriculture 

acidity 

sanitary 

petite 

peregrination 

amplify 

dilatory- 

souvenir 

animosity 

infirmity 

succinct 

employe 

pusillanimous 

illiberal 

utility 

promenade 

decapitate 

erudite 

ineffectual 

revenue 

carnivorous 

erudition 

pabulum 

avenue 

culpable 

similarity 

28.  Words  and  their  Opposites. 

Name  the  word  in  the  first  column  and  require  pupils  to 
give  its  opposite  in  the  second  column. 


Word. 

Opposite. 

Word. 

Opposite. 

attraction 

repulsion 

clean 

dirty 

ascent 

descent 

conduct 

misconduct 

assent 

dissent 

consequent 

antecedent 

answei^ 

question 

density 

rarity 

attack 

defence 

difference 

similarity 

absence 

presence 

difficulty 

ease 

abstract 

concrete 

discord 

harmony 

bane 

antidote 

exertion 

repose 

beginning 

end 

earth 

heaven 

borrowing 

lending 

elevate 

depress 

blame 

'    praise 

enough 

iiisufficient 

commencement  close 

equitable 

unjust 

concise 

diffuse 

expansion 

contraction 

cunning 

artless 

equable 

variable 

146 


NORMAL  WORD    BOOK. 


29.    Opposites. 


Word. 

Opposite. 

Word, 

Opposite. 

fruitful 

barren 

morning 

evening 

fertile 

sterile 

offer 

refusal 

freedom 

bondage 

order 

confusion 

gain 

loss 

prosperity 

adversity 

great 

small 

plenty 

scarcity 

general 

special 

plus 

minus 

good 

evil 

pleasure 

pain 

gladness 

sadness 

perspicuous 

obscure 

hope 

despair 

permission 

prohibition 

happiness 

misery 

scholar 

ignoramus 

health 

sickness 

safety 

danger 

harmony 

discord 

sweetness 

sourness 

innocence 

guilt 

superior 

inferior 

increase 

decrease 

truth 

error 

knowledge 

ignora7ice 

talkative 

taciturn 

liberty 

slavery 

wisdom 

folly 

30.  Word  Exercise. 

Require  the 

5  OPPOSITE  of  each  word. 

approbation 

education 

honor 

loyal 

beauty 

effect 

handsome 

modern " 

acute 

empty 

hardness 

memory 

credit 

friend 

humanity 

make 

content 

friendship 

heretic 

mother 

courage 

fail 

hardship 

marriage 

caution 

faith 

hill 

meekness 

courtesy 

fall 

import 

night-time 

convex 

foolish 

inside 

normal 

disgrace 

foreigner 

legality 

organic 

division 

goodness 

life 

philanthropy 

elegance 

government 

lofty 

public 

SYNONYMS. 


147 


piety 
quiet 
right 


respect 
reward 
sober 


suffix 
storm 
sanity 


synthesis 

torrid 

vanguard 


31.    Words  and  their  Opposites* 
Give  the  opposites  of  the  following  : 


antipathy 

entrance 

junior 

promote 

ancestor 

either 

listless 

retard 

affirm 

exogen 

land 

remain 

affirmation 

endogen 

literal 

survive 

attach 

exosmose 

laughter 

straight 

attack 

economy 

lachrymose 

slave 

convict 

fierce 

motion 

sorrow 

corpulent 

generous 

maximum 

secretions 

corporeal 

guilty 

monogamy 

something 

culpable 

grand 

monopetalous 

soprano 

capable 

generally 

orthodox 

sublime 

conceal 

homogeneous 

ordinary 

subsequent 

complex 

initial 

permanent 

seek 

dexterous 

indicate 

practical 

temporal 

deciduous 

indefatigable 

palace 

tallest 

decency 

industrious 

power 

termination 

32.  Teutonic  and 

1  Greek  Synonyms. 

Teutonic. 

Greek. 

Teutonic. 

Greelt. 

belt 

zone 

gap 

chasm. 

burning 

caustic 

graveyard 

cemetery 

bleeding 

hemorrhage 

godless 

atheistic 

blood-letting 

phlehotomy 

heaven 

elysium 

clock 

chronometer 

hand-writing 

chirography 

cold 

catarrh 

hatred 

antipathy 

funny 

comic 

likeness 

analogy 

flatterer 

sycophant 

long-standing 

chronic 

food 

diet 

madman 

maniac 

148 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


Teutonic. 

Greek. 

Teutonic. 

Greek. 

outgoing 

exodus 

skull 

cranium 

spelling 

orthography 

true 

authentic 

shapeless 

aynorphous 

well-bred 

polite 

short-lived 

ephemeral 

weather 

climate 

smell 

odor 

warm 

thermal 

stress 

emphasis 

wild 

frenzied 

33.  Romanic  and  Greek  Synonyms. 

I.atin. 

Greek. 

Latin. 

Greek. 

abstract 

synopsis 

nameless 

ano7iymous 

animadversion 

.  blame 

origin 

genesis 

compendium 

epitome 

oratory 

rhetoric 

circumference 

periphery 

omission 

ellipsis 

confusion 

chaos 

praise 

eulogy 

era 

period 

personification  prosopopoe' ia 

fables 

myths 

poultice 

cataplasm 

fallacy 

sophistry 

pain 

ache 

fabulous 

mythical 

perfume 

aroma 

foreign 

exotic 

records 

archives 

globular 

spherical 

remedy 

panacea 

letter 

epistle 

religion 

theology 

measure 

meter 

sign 

symbol 

missionary 

apostle 

subject 

theme 

34.  Teutonic,  Romanic,  and  Greek. 

"  Whatever  pupils  do  for  themselves  and  hy  themselves  educates  them." 

Kequire  pupils  to  distinguish  the  differences  in  use.     Let 
them  make  free  use  of  Webster's  Unabridged  Dictionary. 


curse  (T.) 

malediction  (E.) 
anathema     (G.) 


Model. 

Threat  of  evil  declared  upon  oath. 
A  bitter  reproach,  or  prediction  of  evil. 
A  religious  curse  accompanied  by  excom- 
munication. 


SYNONYMS. 


149 


falls 

(T.) 

General  term  for 

any  fall  of  water. 

cascade 

(E.) 

A  small  stream  falling  over  a  preci; 

cataract 

(G.) 

A  great  fall  of  rushing  water. 

town 

(T.) 

A  general  term,  ] 

ioosely  used. 

city 

(E.) 

An  incorporated  town. 

metropolis 

(G.) 

The  chief  city  or 

business  center. 

35.  Synonyms 

. 

Teutonic. 

Romanic. 

Greelc. 

builder 

constructor 

architect 

belief 

doctrine 

dogma 

bold 

courageous 

heroic 

cold 

frigid 

phlegmatic 

choked 

strangled 

asphyxiated 

cutting 

incisive 

sarcastic 

cross 

captious 

splenetic 

dislike 

aversion 

antipathy 

drowsiness 

stupor 

lethargy 

drift 

aim 

scope 

face 

countenance 

physiognomy 

feeling 

sentiment 

pathos 

36.  Synonyms 

1. 

foe 

opponent 

antagonist 

foolish 

demented 

idiotic 

fullness 

repletion 

plethora 

forebodings 

J 

portents 

auguries 

foretell 

predict 

prophesy 

ground 

foundation 

basis 

ghost 

sjjecter 

phantom 

happiness 

felicity 

ecstasy 

hatred 

enmity 

antipathy 

heathen 

pagan 

idolatrous 

hidden 

occult 

mysterious 

IdO 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


37.  Synonyms. 

Teutonic. 

Bomanic. 

Greek. 

king 

sovereign 

monarch 

laughable 

ludicrous 

comic 

listless 

languid 

apathetic 

list 

inventory 

catalogue 

list 

register 

schedule 

learner 

pupil 

scholar 

likeness 

image 

idol 

madness 

fury 

frenzy 

madness 

insanity 

mania 

madman 

lunatic 

maniac 

meddlesome 

officious 

pragmatical 

meeting-house 

temple 

church 

mite 

particle 

atom 

odd 

singular 

38.  Synonyms. 

eccentric 

oddity 

peculiarity 

idiosyncrasy 

rise 

origin 

genesis 

sad 

dispirited 

melancholy 

saw- 

proverb 

aphorism 

saying 

maxim 

axiom 

sight 

appearance 

phenomenon 

soothsayer 

fortune-teller 

astrologer 

standard 

test 

criterion 

sameness 

uniformity 

monotony 

shape 

form 

phase 

short 

concise 

laconic 

shelter 

refuge 

asylum 

skin 

cuticle 

epidermis 

speech 

language 

dialect 

sweetness 

perfume 

aroma 

SYNONYMS. 

39.  Synonyms. 

Teutonic. 

Bonianic. 

Greek. 

strong 

muscular 

athletic 

strong 

vivid 

graphic 

strength 

power 

energy 

sweating 

sudorific 

diaphoretic 

swearing 

profanity 

blasphemy 

teacher 

instructor 

pedagogue 

truthful 

veracious 

authentic 

tales 

annals 

stories 

trick 

artifice 

stratagem 

tittle 

particle 

iota 

thrift 

frugality 

economy 

throat 

gullet 

oesophagus 

true 

genuine 

authentic 

thought 

notion 

idea 

workman 

artisan 

mechanic 

word-book 

dictionary 

lexicon 

worth 

reputation 

character 

wild 

furious 

frantic 

wit 

humor 

irony 

wandering 

itinerant 

peripatetic 

wizard 

sorcerer 

necromancer 

151 


40.  Dictionary  Exercise. 

Find  a  synonym  for  each  of  the  following  words,  refer- 
ring, if  necessary,  to  the  dictionary.  Teachers  should  first 
take  the  exercise  orally  in  the  class,  and  then  require  a 
written  list  from  each  pupil. 

ability  celerity  entreat  hauteur 

abstemious  chattels  eulogy  h}^ocrisy 

adequate  complaisant  expunge  impostor 

affable  compliment  exuberant  incommode 


152 


KORMAL   WORD  BOOK. 


answer 

courteous 

fascinate 

insipid 

apprise 

disguise 

gratuitous 

irony 

banquet 

eccentric 

harangue 

jocund 

bondage 

eligible 

harass 

judgment 

ludicrous 

profit 

resume 

taciturn 

maintain 

redress 

sapient 

transient 

mania 

rehearse 

saunter 

trespass 

noisome 

repeal 

scholar 

uncouth 

occult 

requisite 

sequel 

visage 

principle 

residue 

sorry 

vulgar 

privilege 

.  respite 

squalid 

wedding 

41.  Synonyms  of  Phrases. 

Write  07ie  or  more  words  equivalent  in  meanitig  to  each 
phrase,  using  a  Romanic  word  if  possible. 


I.   To  Ftit. 


To  put  about. 
To  put  by. 
To  put  down. 
To  put  forth. 
To  put  in. 
To  put  off. 


To  put  up. 
To  put  upon. 
To  put  out. 
To  put  over. 
To  put  to  death. 
To  put  together. 


II,  To  Get. 


To  get  up. 
To  get  down. 
To  get  on. 
To  get  in. 
To  get  together. 
To  get  back. 


To  get  along. 
To  get  over. 
To  get  off. 
To  get  out. 
To  get  by. 
To  get  ready. 


SYNONYMS. 


153 


III. 


IV. 


To  set  about. 
To  set  against. 
To  set  a-going. 
To  set  apart. 
To  set  aside. 
To  set  before. 
To  set  by. 

To  go  on. 
To  go  forth. 
To  go  off. 
To  go  about. 
To  go  out. 
To  go  up. 
To  go  down. 
To  go  together. 


To  cut  off. 

To  cut  again,  or  off. 

To  cut  short. 

To  cut  from. 

To  cut  apart,  or  in  pieces. 


To  Set. 

To  set  up. 
To  set  down. 
To  set  forth. 
To  set  free. 
To  set  off. 
To  set  upon. 
To  set  out. 

To  Go, 

To  go  in. 
To  go  over. 
To  go  against. 
To  go  for. 
To  go  with. 
To  go  through. 
To  go  around. 
To  go  back. 

To  Cut. 

To  cut  off  a  limb. 
To  cut  off  a  head. 
To  cut  in  two  pieces. 
To  cut  into. 
To  cut  with  a  knife. 


42.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Generic  Term — To  Join. 


Point  out  the  distinction  between  any  pair  of  these  words 


conjoin 

pinion 

bind 

lash 

chain 

connect 

button 

tie 

truss 

link 

attach 

buckle 

stitch 

braid 

yoke 

affix 

bandage 

tack 

splice 

hasp 

fasten 

tether 

knit 

strap 

clasp 

secure 

picket 

hitch 

gird 

nail 

154 


NORMAL  WORD  BOOK. 


Tc 

•  Disjoin, 

disconnect        isolate 

unfix 

uncouple 

disunite 

unloose 

unbuckle 

unrivet 

detach 

unfasten 

unchain 

unsolder 

separate 

untie 

unfetter 

unravel 

segregate 

unbind 

unharness 

disentangle 

43.  Veracity  and  Falsehooc 

T 

L 

truthfulness      fidelity 

1. 

falseness 

equivocation 

sincerity 

openness 

mendacity 

evasion 

frankness 

bluntness 

falsification      duplicity 

candor 

plainness 

romance 

dissimulation 

honesty 

ingenuousness  prevarication    cant 

IL 

true 

open-hearted 

false 

Pharisaical 

candid 

plain-spoken 

faithless 

double-faced 

frank 

simple-minded 

unfair 

smooth-tongued 

open 

undisguised 

hollow 

insidious 

simple 

unfeigned 

canting 

Machiavelian 

artless 

unflattering 

insincere 

fictitious 

pure 

veracious 

hypocritical 
III. 

untrue 

deception 

quackery 

deceiver 

rogue 

deceit 

empiricism 

liar 

trickster 

imposition 

humbug 

hypocrite 

blackleg 

artifice 

stratagem 

pretender 

quack 

trickery 

forgery 

impostor 

charlatan 

imposture 

delusion 

swindler 

mountebank 

collusion 

maneuver 

sharper 

empiric 

SYi;roxYMS. 

150 

44.  Good  Taste  and  Bad  Taste. 

delicacy 

vulgarity 

fashion 

rustic 

refinement 

coarseness 

style 

boorish 

elegance 

grossness 

manners 

clownish 

amateur 

clownishness 

breeding 

outlandish 

connoisseur 

homebred 

politeness 

antiquated 

classical 

uncouth 

etiquette 

gaudy 

aesthetic 

slovenly 

custom 

tawdry 

45.  Courage  and  Cowardice. 

courage 

cowardice 

valiant 

cowardly 

bravery 

timidity 

valorous 

timorous 

valor 

effeminacy 

spirited 

faint-hearted 

boldness 

poltroonery 

mettlesome 

chicken-hearted 

gallantry 

baseness 

daring 

dastardly 

intrepidity 

pusillanimity 

audacious 

craven 

46.  Beauty 

and  Ugliness. 

handsome 

symmetrical 

homely 

homespun 

pretty 

becoming 

plain 

haggard 

lovely 

attractive 

ugly 

misshapen 

graceful 

blooming 

inelegant 

deformed 

elegant 

brilliant 

unsightly 

ill-made 

delicate 

splendid 

ill-looking 

gi-otesque 

comely 

grand 

unseemly 

distorted 

shapely 

gorgeous 

ill-favored 

ghastly 

well-favored 

superb 

uncouth 

cadaverous 

well-made 

magnificent 

clumsy 

hideous 

well-formed 

sublime 

rough 

monstrous 

47.  Wisdo 

m  and  Folly. 

wisdom 

sharp-sighted 

folly 

dull 

sense 

wise 

absurdity 

childish 

156 


NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 


reason 

rational 

foolishness 

idiotic 

judgment 

sensible 

conceit 

imbecile 

intelligent 

enlightened 

shallow 

witless 

sagacious 

long-headed 

weak-minded 

thick-skulled 

acute 

prudent 

half-witted 

foolish 

astute 

discreet 

shallow-brained 

silly 

shrewd 

thoughtful 

stupid 

senseless 

quick-witted 

reflecting 

stolid 

ridiculous 

48.  Spelling  and  Defining. 

Generic  Term— Motion, 
I. 


movement         nomadic 

quiescence 

stationary 

transit 

vagrant 

suspension 

sedentary 

evolution 

mercurial 

stoppage 

moored 

mobility 

discursive 

stand-still 

XX 

steadfast 

journey 

11. 

peregrination   navigation 

to  walk 

traveling 

pilgrimage 

voyage 

saunter 

excursion 

promenade 

swimming 

wander 

expedition        migration  • 

boating 

stroll 

circuit 

rafting 
III. 

sail 

itinerant 

nomad 

fugitive 

sailor 

passenger 

straggler 

pedestrian 

tar 

tourist 

tramp 

mariner 

aeronaut 

vagabond 

courier 

navigator 

balloonist 

49.  Degrees  of  Motion. 

fast 

fleet            slow 

dilatory 

post-haste 

speedy 

nimble        slack 

sluggish 

headlong 

swift 

brisk           tardy 

snail-like 

apace 

rapid 

hasty          lazy 

hobbling 

leisurely 

quick 

hurried       easy 

lumbering 

expeditiously 

SYNONYMS. 

151 

50.  Direction  of  Motion. 
I. 

retrogi'ession      propulsion 
refluence             projection 
countermarch     traction 

progression 

advance 

headway 

approach 
recession 
retreat 

n. 

attraction 

confluence 

aberration 

arrival 

repulsion 

concourse 

separation 

departure 

convergence 
divergence 

congress              dispersion 
concurrence        diffusion 

advent 
outset 

51.  Spellii 

ig  and  Defining. 

Generic 

Term— C/tange, 

L 

conversion 

mutation 

inversion 

alternation 

variation 

subversion 

reduction 

substitution 

modification 

revolution 

metonymy 

convertible 

modulation 
deviation 

transfiguration  relapse 
transmigration  revulsion 

exchange 
interchange 

n. 

inconstant 

unsteady 

unfixed 

mobile 

wavering 

wayward 

undeviating 

steadfast 

immovable 

irreversible 
irreducible 
indestructible 

fluctuating 
versatile 

immutable 
unalterable 

established 
inconvertible 

undying 
imperishable 

restless 
unsettled 

permanent 
invariable 

stagnant 
settled 

unchangeable 
unaltered 

158 


NORMAL  WORD   BOOK. 


argumen'tum 
ad  hom'inem, 
a  prio'ri 

a  posterio'ri 

a  fortio'ri, 
ca'sus  belli, 


52.  Latin  Phrases  in  Current  Use. 

ad  captan'dum,         for  the  purpose  of  capturing. 
al'ma  ma'ter  [benign    mother],    the    college    from 

which  one  graduates. 
an  argument  to  the  man ;  i.  e.,  a  per- 
sonal application  of  the  argument, 
[from  the  former],  from  cause  to  effect ; 

theoretically, 
[from  the  latter],  from  effect  to  cause ; 

practically, 
with  stronger  reason, 
justifiable  cause  for  war. 
cset'eris  par'ibus,     other  things  being  equal, 
cui  bono  ?  for  whose  good  ?  what  is  the  use  ? 

cum  gra'no  sails      with  some  allowance, 
dram'atis  perso'nse,  the  characters  of  a  play. 
ex  tem'po-re  [at  the  time]  ;  i.  e.,  without  previous 

writing  or  premeditation. 
ex  cathedra  [from  the  chair]  ;  i.  e.,m  an  authorita- 

tive manner. 
e  piu'ribus  unum,    one  out  of  many ;  the  national  motto 
of  the  United  States. 
and  all  of  that  sort  or  class — used  as  a 

term  of  disparagement. 
a  true  friend  ;  a  constant  attendant, 
[do  all]  ;  hence,  a  man  of  all  work, 
the  natural  locality  of  a  plant  or  ani- 
mal. 
[dignitateni]  ;  below  one's  rank  or  dig- 
nity. 
in  the  state  in  which  it  was ;  just  as 
before. 
in  loco  paren'tis,     in  the  place  of  a  parent. 


et  id  genus  omne, 

iidus  Acha'tes, 

fac'totum 

hab'itat, 

infra  dig. 

in  statu  quo, 


SYNONYMS. 


159 


m  pro'pna  perso'na, 
lapsus  linguse, 

lusus  natu'rae 

multum  in  parvo, 
ne  plus  ultra, 

0  tem'pora  !  0  mores  ! 
primum  mo'bile, 
pro  bono  pub'lico, 

pons  as'inorum, 

quid  nunc 

reductio  ad  absurdum, 
rara  avis, 

requies'cat  in  pa'ce, 
sanctum  sancto'rum 

sine  qua  non 

scan'dalum  magna'tum 

sesquipeda'lia  verba, 
secun'dem  artem, 
sui  generis 

suaviter  in  modo, 
sub  rosa 

summum  bonum, 


personally,  and  not  by  deputy. 

a  slip  of  the  tongue  ;  an  inadvertent 
expression. 

[freak  of  nature]  ;  a  deformed  plant, 
animal  or  thing. 

much  in  little  ;  condensed. 

nothing  more  beyond ;  hence,  per- 
fection. 

0  the  times  !   0  the  manners  ! 

the  first  impulse  ;  the  moving  power. 

for  the  public  good  ;  hence,  unsel- 
fishly. 

asses'  bridge  ;  hence,  a  helj)  to  dull 
students. 

[what  now  ?]  ;  hence  applied  to  a 
busybody. 

a  reducing  to  an  absurdity. 

a  rare  bird  ;  hence,  an  eccentric  per- 
son ;  a  prodigy. 

may  he  rest  in  peace  ! 

[holy  of  holies]  ;  hence,  a  private 
apartment. 

[not  without  which]  ;  an  indispen- 
sable condition. 

[sca7i.  mag.]  ;  defamation  of  persons 
of  dignity. 

words  a  foot  and  a  half  long. 

according  to  professional  art  or  rule. 

[of  its  own  kind]  ;  peculiar;  unique; 
odd. 

smooth  in  manner. 

[under  the  rose]  ;  hence,  confiden- 
tially. • 

the  chief  good. 


160  NORMAL   WORD   BOOK. 

verbum  sat  sapienti      [verd.  sat  sap.]  ;  a  word  to  the  wise 

is  enough, 
vis  inertiae,  power  of  passive  resistance. 

vade  mecum  [go  with  me]  ;    hence,  a  constant 

companion. 

53.  Latin  Words  and  Phrases  Relating  to  Law. 

The  teacher  must  give  the  pupils  tlie  correct  pronunciation. 

a'lias  [otherwise]. 

A  term  used  when  a  party  has  passed  under  assumed 
names  ;  as,  Smith  alias  Brown. 

As  a  noun,  it  means  an  assumed  name ;  also,  a  second 
writ. 

alibi  [elsewhere]. 

A  person  on  trial  "  proves  an  alibi"  when  he  proves  that 
he  was  in  some  place  other  than  that  place  where  it  is 
charged  in  the  indictment  he  committed  the  act. 

habeas  corpus  [you  may  have  the  body]. 

A  writ  to  bring  a  person  charged  with  crime  to  imme- 
diate trial  in  order  to  protect  the  right  of  personal  liberty. 

Magna  Charta  [kar'ta]. 
The  Great  Charter  (of  England),  the  basis  of  English 
liberty,  extorted  by  the  barons  from  King  John  A.  d.  1215. 

non  est  inventus  [he  has  not  been  found]. 
Written  on  the  back  of  a  writ  by  the  sheriff,  when  he  is 
unable  to  find  the  person  on  whom  the  writ  is  to  be  served. 

nolle  pros'equi  [do  not  proceed]. 
A  dismissal  of*  a  case  from  court  at  the  request  of  the 
plaintiff  or  the  prosecuting  attorney. 


SYNONYMS. 


161 


quid  pro  quo  [something  for  something], 
A  mutual  equivalent ;  an  equivalent. 

sub  poena  [under  a  penalty]. 
A  peremptory  legal  summons  to  appear  in  court  as  a 


witness. 

de  fac'to, 
de  ju're, 
dies  nou, 

et  alii, 
ex  par'te, 
ex  post  fac'to, 
in  re, 
ip'so  ju're, 
ip'so  fac'to, 
lex  talio'nis, 
lex  non  scripta 

non  compos  mentis, 
onus  proban'di, 
par'ticeps  crim'inis, 
prima  fa'cie, 
qua'si, 

veni're  facias, 
vi  et  armis, 


from  the  fact ;  by  one's  own  power. 

by  legal  right,  though  not  in  fact. 

a  day  on  which  the  judges  do  not  sit ; 
a  legal  holiday. 

and  the  others- ;  abbreviated  into  et  ciL 

on  one  side  only  ;  as,  ex  parte  evidence. 

after  the  deed  is  done. 

in  the  matter  of ;  as, "  in  re  Doe  vs.  EoeJ' 

by  the  law  itself. 

by  the  act  itself. 

the  law  of  retaliation. 

[law  not  written]  ;  hence,  "the  com- 
mon law." 

not  of  sound  mind  ;  an  imbecile. 

the  burden  of  proof. 

an  accomplice  in  crime. 

at  first  view. 

in  a  manner  ;  partial. 

the  writ  for  summonmg  a  jury. 

by  main  force. 


APPENDIX 


REFERENCE    LIST    OF    PREFIXES   AND    SUFFIXES. 


35«iC 


1.  Prefixes. 

T. 

=  Teutonic.     L.  = 

-  Latin. 

G.  = 

Greek. 

Prefix. 

Force. 

Prefix. 

Force. 

a- 

(T.) 

on  J  171 ;  at. 

dia- 

(G.) 

through;  two. 

ab-,    ) 

dis-,  di 

-(G.) 

two;  twice. 

a-,      > 
abs-    ) 

(L.) 

off;  from. 

(  in  two. 

dis- 

(L.) 

\  asunder. 

a-,  an- 

(G.) 

not;  loithout. 

(  negative. 

ad- 

(L.) 

at;  to. 

dys- 

(G.) 

had;  ill. 

ambi- 

(L.) 

lofh;  around. 

en- 

(G.) 

171;  on. 

amphi- 
an- 

(G.) 
(G.) 

both  ;  around, 
not ;  without. 

en- 

(T.) 

to  make, 
intensive. 

ana- 

(G.) 

away  from. 

epi- 

(G.) 

on. 

ante- 

(L.) 

lefore. 

eu- 

(G.) 

well. 

anti- 

(G.) 

against. 

eso- 

(G.) 

in;  into. 

apo- 

(G.) 

from;  asunder. 

ex- 

(L.) 

out  of;  fro7n. 

be- 

(T.)- 

ly  ;  hefore. 
intensive. 

extra- 
for- 

(L.) 
(T.) 

beyond. 

from  ;  against. 

bis-,  bi 

.(L.) 

two;  twice. 

fore- 

(T.) 

befoi^e. 

cata- 

(G.) 

down. 

hyper- 

(G.) 

over;  above. 

circum- 

(L.) 

around. 

hypo- 

(G.) 

U7ider  ;  beloio. 

con- 

(L.) 

together. 

1 

'  not  (in  adj.) 

contra- 

(L.) 

against. 

in- 

(L.)^ 

in ;   into  (ia 

countei 

-(L.) 

against. 

.    yerbs). 

de- 

(L.) 

down  ;  from. 

in,-  en- 

(L.) 

to  mahe. 

PREFIXES  AND  SUFFIXES. 


163 


Prefix. 

Force. 

Prefix. 

Force. 

inter- 
intro- 

(L.) 

between, 
within;  into. 

pol-,  ^ 
per-,  V 

(Fr.) 

(  other  forms  of 
i     L.  pro. 

juxta- 

(L.) 

near. 

pur-  ) 

f  with  ;  after. 

preter- 

■  (L.) 

beyond. 

meta- 

(G.) 

}  change. 

re- 

(L.) 

back;  again. 

[  in  the  middle. 

retro- 

(L.) 

backward. 

miR- 

(T.) 

amiss;  wrong. 

se- 

(L.) 

aside  ;  by  itself. 

non- 

(L.) 

not. 

semi- 

(L.) 

half 

n- 

(T.) 

no;  not. 

sine- 

(L.) 

without. 

ob- 

(L.) 

(  in  the  way  of. 
\  against. 

sub- 

(L.) 

under. 

subter- 

.  (L.) 

under. 

off- 

(T.) 

away  from. 

super- 

(L.) 

over. 

out- 

(T.) 

from;  beyond. 

supra- 

(L.) 

over  ;  above. 

over- 

(T.) 

above;  beyond. 

sur- 

(R) 

over  ;  above. 

para- 

(G.) 

beside. 

S3m- 

(G.) 

together  ;  with. 

per- 

(L.) 

through. 

to- 

(T.) 

this;  as,  io-day. 

pen- 

(L.) 

almost. 

trans 

(L.) 

across  ;  beyond. 

peri- 

(G.) 

round. 

ultra- 

(L.) 

beyond. 

post- 

(L.)- 

1  after. 

\  backivards. 

un- 

(T.). 

■  not  (in  adj.) 
reversion   (iu 

pre- 

(L.) 

before. 

verbs). 

1 

before. 

under- 

(T.) 

beneath  ;  below. 

pro- 

(L.)- 

forth. 

up- 

(T.) 

above. 

foriuard. 

vice- 

(L.) 

instead  of. 

pro- 

(G.) 

before* 

witb- 

(T.) 

against;  back. 

2.  Suffixes. 


Saffix. 

Force. 

Suflix.                         Force. 

-able  \ 

(T. 

( fit  to  be. 

-ac         (G.)    pertaining  to 

-ible  1 

& 

\  able. 

,^  V  j  havinq   the 
-aceons  (K)  \   ^J^^  ^_^_ 

-ble    ) 

L) 

( capable. 

164 


NOKMAL  WOED   BOOK. 


Suffix. 

-acious 
-acy 

-ade 

-al 

-an 


-ance 
-ancy 

-ant 

-ar 
-ar 
-ard 
-art 

-ary 

-asm 
-ate 

-cy 

-cal 
-cle 
-cule 


Force. 

(L.)     full  of. 
.-P  .  {act  of  doing. 
^   'M  thi7ig  done. 
fj^i  one  who. 
^   'M  that  which. 
/T  \  {pertaining  to. 
^   *M  that  ivhich. 
.J  .  j  pertaining  to. 
^   *M  one  who. 

f  act  of. 
(F.)  -5  that  tvhich. 

(  collective. 

(L.)     state  of 

.-J-  .  j  belonging  to. 
^   *M  one  who. 
(L.)    pertaining  to. 
(T.)     07ie  who. 
(T.)     one  who. 
(T.)     one  luho. 

( lelonging  to. 
(L.)  •!  one  who. 

( place  where. 

^   *M  that  ivhich. 
(J  x^  to  make. 
^  '^  {  one  who. 
,j  \\  state  of  being. 
M  collective. 


(L.) 

(L.) 
(L.) 


pertaining  to. 

little. 

little. 


Suffix. 

-dom 

-ed 
-ee 

-eer 

-el 

-el 

-en 

-en 

-en 

-ence 

-ency 

-ent 

-er  (T, 

-er 

-erel 

-ern 

-ery 

-erie 

-erly 

-ene 


-es,  -s 


(T.)| 


Force. 

state;  power, 
dominion. 

(T.)     verb-suffix,  p.t. 

(F.)    one  to  whom. 

,j. .  J  07ie  who. 

^  'M  frequentative. 

,^  .  j  that  which. 

^   '^  \  little. 

(F.)     little  J  dim. 
j  7nade  of. 


(T 


(  quality  of 


(T.)     verb-suffi.x,  p.p. 

^   ''  (     suffix. 

(L.)     actioti ;  state. 

,-j-     j  state. 

''  ( co7idition. 
,-j-  .  j  belonging  to. 

\  one  who. 
o  ^  .  j  agent ;  one  who. 

( that  which. 
(T.)     more  (in  comp.) 
(T.)     little. 
(T.)     direction. 
(L.)    p?(xce  where. 
(F.)    /}Zace  luhere. 
(T.)     direction. 
(L.)     belonging  to. 
(rn\  Sp^'^^ral  suffix 
^       (     of  nouns. 
/rj.  X  P^  i?e^.  «%• 


SUFFIXES. 


165 


Suffix. 


-escent  (L.) 


-ese 

(L.) 

-esque 

(R) 

-est 

-ess 

(F.) 

-et 

(L.) 

-ette 

(L.) 

-ete 

(G.) 

-eth 

(T.) 

-ful 

(T.) 

-fy 

(L.) 

-hood 

(T.) 

-ic  (L. 

&G.) 

-ics(L. 

&G.) 

-ical 

(L.) 

-id 

(L.) 

-ible 

(L.) 

-ice 

(L.) 

-ide 

(G.) 

-ie 

(T.) 

-ier 

(F.) 

-eer 

(F.) 

-ile 

(L.) 

-ine 

(L.) 

-ine 

(L.) 

-ing 

(T.) 

-ion 

(L.) 

-iqne 

(F.) 

Force. 

J  becoming, 
}  growing. 

belonging  to, 

belonging  to. 

most  (in  comp.) 
j  fern,  suffix  of 
\     some  nouns, 

little, 

little, 

one  2vho. 
j  verb  suffix  of 
\     inflection. 

full  of 

to  make. 
j  state  ;  'place. 
\  collective. 

belonging  to. 

science;  art, 

belonging  to. 

belonging  to. 

capable  of  being 

condition. 

used  for  metals. 

little;  dim. 

one  who. 

one  wlio. 

belonging  to. 

belonging  to. 

fern.  term. 

part.  term. 

state  of. 

act  of. 

belonging  to. 


Suffix. 

Force. 

-ize 

(G.) 

to  make. 

-ise 

(G.) 

to  make. 

-ish 

(T.) 

quality  ;  little. 

-ish 

(L.) 

to  make. 

-isk 

(G.) 

little, 
j  act ;  state, 
\  doctrine. 

-ism 

(G.) 

-ist 

(G.) 

one  who. 

-ite(L.&G.) 

i  belonging  to, 
\  one  who. 

-ity 

(L.) 

state  of  being^ 

-ive 

(L.) 

J  belonging  to, 
{ one  who. 

-ix 

(L.) 

fern.  term. 

-kin 

(L.) 

little;  dimin. 

-le,  -el 

(T.) 

that  which. 

-le 

(T.) 

little. 

-lent 

(L.) 

full  of. 

-less 

(T.) 

{ luithout, 
\  free  from. 

v        / 

-let 

(L.) 

little;  dim.. 

-ly 

(T.) 

like. 

-ment 

(L.) 

j  act  of;  state  of, 
\  that  which, 
f  state  of  being. 

-mony 

(L.) 

\  act  of 

( that  which. 

-most 

(T.) 

highest  degree. 

-ness 

(T.) 

state  of  being. 

-ock 

(T.) 

little;  dim. 

-oon 

(It.) 

large. 

-or 

(L.) 

j  one  ivho, 

\  state  of  being. 

166 


KOEMAL  WOED  BOOK. 


Suffix. 


-ory 


(L.) 


-ose 
-ous 
-ote 

(L.) 
(L.) 
(T.) 

-red 

(T.) 

-ric 

(T.) 

-ry 

(T.) 

-ship 

(T.) 

-some 

(T.) 

-ster 

(T.) 

Force. 

Suffix. 

J  pertaining  to. 
\  place  where. 

-stress 

(T.) 

-teen 

(T.) 

full  of 
full  of. 

-th 

(T.) 

little;  dim. 

-tude 

(L.) 

J  state. 

i  those  who. 

-ty 

(L.) 

-ule 

(L.) 

j  dominion, 
(power;  region. 

-ure 

(L.) 

\    / 

place  where. 

-urnal 

(L.) 

j  state  of 

(  quality  ;  office. 

-ward 

(T.) 

-wards 

(T.) 

j  quality. 
\  full  of 

-wise 

(T.) 

-y 

(T.) 

agent;  one  ivho. 

-y  (L. 

&G.) 

Force. 

fem.  suf 

ten. 

state;  act, 

order. 

state  of  leing. 

state  of  being. 

little;  dim, 

act  of 

state  of  leing. 

belonging  to. 

direction. 

direciio7i. 

manner. 

full  of;  having. 

state  of;  act  of. 


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DICTIONARIES 


UNABRIDGED  QUARTO,  ILLUSTRATED.    1840  Pages,  3000  Illustra- 
tions,    10, ".UO  Words  and  Meanings  not  in  other  Dictionaries. 
NATIONAL  PICTORIAL,  OCTAVO.     1040  Pages,  600  Illustrations. 
COUNTING-HOUSE  DICTIONARY.     With  Illustrations. 
ACADEMIC  QUARTO.     334  Illustrations. 
HIGH  SCHOOL  DICTIONARY.    297  Illustrations. 
COMMON  SCHOOL  DICTIONARY.    2T4  illustrations. 
PRIMARY  SCHOOL  DICTIONARY.    20i  Illustrations. 
POCKET  DICTIONARY.     With  Illustrations. 


WEBSTER  IS  THE  STANDARD  FOR  THE  ENGLISH 
LANGUAGE,  as  is  evidenced  b)-  the  testimony  of  representative  British  and 
American  Scholars  and  Writers. 

THE  SALK  in  this  country  is  more  than  20  times  larger  than  that  of 
any  other  Dictionaries,  proof  of  which  will  be  sent  to  any  one  on  application. 

WEBSTER  IS  THE  AUTHORITY  IN  THE  GOVERNMENT 
PRINTING  OFFICE  at  Washington,  and  at  THE  U.  S.  MILITARY 
ACADEMY,  WEST  POINT. 

T17ARMLY  recommended  by  Ban- 
VV  CROFT,  Prescott,  Motlev,  Geo. 
p.  Marsh,  Halleck,  Whittier,  Wil- 
lis, Saxe,  Elihu  Burritt,  Daniel 
Webster,  Rufus  Choate,  H.  Cole- 
ridge, Smart,  Horace  Mann,  Presi- 
dents Woolsey,  Wayland,  Hopkins, 
Nott.  Walke*?,  Anderson  [more  than 
FIFTV  Colleeje  Presidents  in  all], 
and  the  best  American  and  European 
Scholars. 

^ '  npHE  best  practical  English  Dic- 
l      tionary    extant." — London 
Quarterly  Review,  October,  1873. 


'^  T  HAVE  looked,  so  that  I  might 
1  not  go  wrong,  at  Webster's 
Dictionary,  a  work  of  the  greatest 
learning,  research  and  ability  ."—Lord 
Chief  Justice  of  England,  in  1863. 

"  'T^HE  Courts  look  to  it  as  of  the 
i      highest  authority  in  all  ques- 
tions of  dLtiuition."— Chief  Justice 
Waite,  U.  S.  Supreme  Court. 

"  TT  has  received  ('.le  highest  com- 
l  mendations  in  the  Courts  of  En- 
gland, and  its  definitions  have  been 
universally  followed  in  the  Courts  of 
this  country." — Albany  Law  Journal, 
July  10, 1875. 

Indorsed  by  State  Superintendents  of  Schools  in  34  States. 

More  than  30,000  copies  of  Webster's  Unabridged  have  been  placed  in 
as  many  Public  Schools  in  the  United  States,  by  State  enactments  or  School 
Officers. 

f^"  More  than  Ten  ITIillionsof  volumes  of  School  Books  are  annually 
published  in  the  United  States,  recognizing  Webster  as  their  general  standard 
of  orthography,  while  not  a  single  school  book  publishing  house  in  the  country, 
as  far  as  we  are  aware,  lias  ever  publicly  recognized  any  oilier 
Di  -tionary  than  Webster  as  its  standard  of  orthography, 
with  the  single  ex;ception  of  the  publishers  of  another  Dictionary.— 
Whilein  Etymology,  Definitions,  Illustrations,  «&c.,  Webster  stands  unri- 
valed and  alone. 

jP<jg~  />///  descriptive  circulars,  showing  superiority  of  Webster  in  Ety- 
mology, Definitions,  Illustrative  Citations,  Orthography, 
Pronunciation,  Synonyms,  Pictorial  Illustrations,  Useful 
Tables,  etc,  etc.,  will  be  sent  by  afplication  to  the  Publishers  or  their  Agents. 

IvisoN,  Blakeman,  Taylor  &  Co., 

138  and  140  Grand  St.,  New  York. 


